Placeholder Content Image

Tourists explain why they love “overrated” capital cities

<p dir="ltr">A group of travellers have explained why they love some capital cities that are often dubbed as “overrated”. </p> <p dir="ltr">On a dedicated travel thread on Reddit, one person asked the question, “Which capital city gets a lot of hate that you loved visiting?” which welcomed an influx of responses. </p> <p dir="ltr">A few capital cities were mentioned several times, one of which being the Greece capital of Athens. </p> <p dir="ltr">One Reddit user said they “avoided” Athens for a long time “because all I heard was negativity about it”.</p> <p dir="ltr">However, when they “finally went”, they say they “loved it” and “can't wait to go back”. </p> <p dir="ltr">Another person said they actually “loved” the city's “gritty feel” adding, “Incredible history at every turn, delicious affordable food, fun bars, cool music venues, neighbourhoods full of character and beautiful viewpoints.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Another capital that was mentioned was the Norwegian capital of Oslo, with one person saying the Scandinavian city was perfect for a short getaway. </p> <p dir="ltr">They wrote, “I’m not advising anyone to go for a long time but for a weekend trip, it’s lovely. The seaside is great with lots of beautiful modern architecture, the old town is picturesque, lots of trendy new places to eat and drink, some old castles to walk to and in general a really nice vibe and very walkable.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Washington D.C. was also mentioned with many people defending the city, with one person claiming “it’s generally other Americans who hate it.”</p> <p dir="ltr">One person wrote of the city, “We have great museums, food, way more nature than you’d expect for a city, and incredible music and dance scenes. It’s not just insufferable bureaucracy and politics.”</p> <p dir="ltr">The Belgian capital of Brussels was also mentioned, with the city often copping a lot of flack amongst travellers. </p> <p dir="ltr">However, many were quick to defend the city, as one person wrote,”I loved Brussels, it’s beautiful in places, has amazing museums, great beer, the EU Parliament is really interesting and the Atomium is awesome.”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p> </p>

International Travel

Placeholder Content Image

‘A virtual seat at the family table’: why older people are among the biggest users of social media

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bernardo-figueiredo-336532">Bernardo Figueiredo</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/torgeir-aleti-92509">Torgeir Aleti</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></em></p> <p>The Australian government’s <a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-social-media-ban-for-kids-under-16-just-became-law-how-it-will-work-remains-a-mystery-244736">recent decision to ban under 16s</a> from social media has focused attention on the harms it can cause – especially for young people.</p> <p>But young people are just one segment of the population who use social media. According to the <a href="https://wearesocial.com/au/blog/2024/01/digital-2024/">Digital 2024 report</a>, 78.3% of Australians regularly use platforms such as Facebook and Instagram – mainly for keeping in touch with friends and family.</p> <p>Perhaps surprisingly, a large proportion of these users are older people. For example, the Digital 2024 report also shows that 21.3% of Meta’s ad audience in Australia (on Messenger, Facebook and Instagram) are 55 years or older. This makes it the second largest age group after 25–34 year olds (25.4%).</p> <p>So what does research say about how social media affects older people’s social lives and wellbeing?</p> <h2>The growing presence of older adults on social media</h2> <p><a href="https://www.digitalinclusionindex.org.au/digital-inclusion-the-australian-context-in-2023/">The digital divide is shrinking</a> as older generations embrace social media. <a href="https://www.benetas.com.au/news/digial-habits-of-older-australians">According to data from earlier this year</a>, more than 70% of Australians aged 65 and older use social media to some degree.</p> <p><a href="https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/research/surveys_statistics/technology/2023/2023-tech-trends.doi.10.26419-2Fres.00584.001.pdf">Facebook remains the most popular</a> among this demographic, serving as a gateway to reconnect with family and long-lost friends. Beyond reconnecting, <a href="https://apo.org.au/node/313717">our research indicates</a> older adults often use these platforms to share memories, participate in community groups and access news.</p> <p>This growing trend is driven by both internal and external factors. <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/oir-06-2021-0332/full/html">Research shows</a> many older users are motivated by the desire to stay connected with their families, particularly grandchildren, who often share their lives through social media.</p> <p>For others, the COVID pandemic <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-18/are-we-headed-to-a-cashless-economy-post-coronavirus/12244846">accelerated the adoption of digital tools</a>, making social media a lifeline during periods of isolation.</p> <h2>Enhanced connection</h2> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-02048-7">A recent study</a> found positive associations between internet use and mental health among older adults in 23 countries.</p> <p>Social media, in particular, works by:</p> <p><strong>1. Maintaining family ties.</strong> Social media provides older adults with a virtual seat at the family table. By viewing photos, videos and updates, <a href="https://theconversation.com/video-chats-can-ease-social-isolation-for-older-adults-during-coronavirus-pandemic-135890">they can remain engaged with their loved ones’ lives</a>, no matter the physical distance. Platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger are particularly popular for private family group chats, enabling older adults to exchange messages and share moments in real time.</p> <p><strong>2. Rekindling old friendships.</strong> Platforms such as Facebook have proven effective in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10510974.2021.1975143?needAccess=true">reconnecting older adults with long-lost friends</a>. For many, revisiting old relationships provides a sense of nostalgia and belonging. Studies have shown such interactions can <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32700541/">bolster feelings of inclusion</a> and reduce loneliness, a significant concern for ageing populations.</p> <p><strong>3. Building new communities.</strong> Social media groups dedicated to specific interests such as gardening, photography or travel offer older adults opportunities to form new connections. <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jkm-02-2021-0087/full/html">These virtual communities</a> are inclusive spaces where members exchange advice, share experiences and foster friendships based on shared hobbies.</p> <h2>Improved well-being</h2> <p>Social media’s ability to foster connection among older adults <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8465959/#B7-healthcare-09-01143">directly impacts their wellbeing</a>.</p> <p>Regular online interactions can reduce feelings of loneliness and depression, providing a sense of purpose and belonging.</p> <p><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10410236.2020.1859722">Research shows</a> active participation, such as posting photos, is associated with a feeling of competence in older users, which is related to well-being. For some, becoming “<a href="https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/80-years-old-with-11-million-followers-meet-tiktok-s-granfluencers-20230602-p5ddje.html">grandfluencers</a>” on platforms like Instagram or TikTok introduces an unexpected avenue for creative expression and social influence.</p> <p>Online forums are also gaining traction as a tool for health information and advocacy. <a href="https://www.jmir.org/2013/2/e35">Older adults participate in support groups</a> for chronic conditions, share wellness tips and even engage in civic discussions. This demonstrates social media platforms’ broader potential beyond social interaction.</p> <h2>Online challenges</h2> <p>Despite its benefits, social media is not without challenges for older adults.</p> <p>For some, navigating the complex interface of platforms can be intimidating. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/13/9/496">Our research</a> shows half of older adults feel anxious about using communication technologies, with older women experiencing more anxiety than older men.</p> <p>Issues such as <a href="https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2021-08/apo-nid313717.pdf">privacy concerns, misinformation and online scams can also create barriers to engagement</a>. Additionally, while social media facilitates connection, it <a href="https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18546">cannot replace the depth of face-to-face interactions</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14413582231187652">Our research</a> shows those with higher digital literacy are more likely to experience the positive effects of social media because of ongoing “self-socialisation” without having to interact with others, which might undermine learning and confidence. For others, initiatives aimed at <a href="https://www.dss.gov.au/improving-digital-skills-older-australians/resource/evaluation-be-connected">improving digital skills among older adults</a> – such as digital mentoring programs – can significantly enhance their confidence and ability to engage safely online.</p> <h2>A bridge and a barrier</h2> <p>Social media can keep older adults connected. But its impact <a href="https://karger.com/ger/article/59/4/378/149065/Social-Media-Use-of-Older-Adults-A-Mini-Review">depends on how it is used</a>.</p> <p>For many, it serves as a vital link to family, friends and new communities, enriching their social lives and reducing isolation. However, to unlock its full potential, addressing barriers such as digital literacy and online safety are crucial.</p> <p>As the world becomes increasingly digital, <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jsm-12-2022-0393/full/html?skipTracking=true">empowering older adults</a> to engage meaningfully with social media will ensure they remain not only connected but also active participants in a rapidly evolving social landscape.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/245156/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bernardo-figueiredo-336532">Bernardo Figueiredo</a>, Associate Professor of Marketing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/torgeir-aleti-92509">Torgeir Aleti</a>, Senior Lecturer in Marketing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-virtual-seat-at-the-family-table-why-older-people-are-among-the-biggest-users-of-social-media-245156">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Technology

Placeholder Content Image

Why the WHO has recommended switching to a healthier salt alternative

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/xiaoyue-luna-xu-1388807">Xiaoyue (Luna) Xu</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bruce-neal-69">Bruce Neal</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/george-institute-for-global-health-874">George Institute for Global Health</a></em></p> <p>This week the <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2025/01/27/default-calendar/launch-of-the-who-guideline-on-the-use-of-lower-sodium-salt-substitutes">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) released new guidelines recommending people switch the regular salt they use at home for substitutes containing less sodium.</p> <p>But what exactly are these salt alternatives? And why is the WHO recommending this? Let’s take a look.</p> <h2>A new solution to an old problem</h2> <p>Advice to eat less salt (sodium chloride) is not new. It has been part of international and Australian guidelines <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21343?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&amp;url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org">for decades</a>. This is because evidence clearly shows the sodium in salt can <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction">harm our health</a> when we eat too much of it.</p> <p>Excess sodium increases the risk of high blood pressure, which affects millions of Australians (around <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/risk-factors/high-blood-pressure/contents/summary">one in three adults</a>). High blood pressure (<a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/high-blood-pressure-hypertension">hypertension</a>) in turn increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney disease, among other conditions.</p> <p>The WHO estimates <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2025/01/27/default-calendar/launch-of-the-who-guideline-on-the-use-of-lower-sodium-salt-substitutes">1.9 million deaths</a> globally each year can be attributed to eating too much salt.</p> <p>The WHO recommends consuming no more than <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction">2g of sodium daily</a>. However people eat on average more than double this, around <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2025/01/27/default-calendar/launch-of-the-who-guideline-on-the-use-of-lower-sodium-salt-substitutes">4.3g a day</a>.</p> <p>In 2013, WHO member states <a href="https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/366393/9789240069985-eng.pdf?sequence=1">committed to reducing</a> population sodium intake <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/09-03-2023-massive-efforts-needed-to-reduce-salt-intake-and-protect-lives">by 30% by 2025</a>. But cutting salt intake has proved very hard. Most countries, including Australia, will not meet the WHO’s goal for reducing sodium intake <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831322004690?via%3Dihub_">by 2025</a>. The WHO has since <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2025/01/27/default-calendar/launch-of-the-who-guideline-on-the-use-of-lower-sodium-salt-substitutes">set the same target for 2030</a>.</p> <p>The difficulty is that eating less salt means accepting a less salty taste. It also requires changes to established ways of preparing food. This has proved too much to ask of people making food at home, and too much for the food industry.</p> <h2>Enter potassium-enriched salt</h2> <p>The main lower-sodium salt substitute is called potassium-enriched salt. This is salt where some of the sodium chloride has been replaced with potassium chloride.</p> <p>Potassium is an <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/potassium">essential mineral</a>, playing a key role in all the body’s functions. The high potassium content of fresh fruit and vegetables is one of the main reasons they’re so good for you. While people are eating more sodium than they should, many don’t get enough potassium.</p> <p>The WHO recommends a daily potassium intake of 3.5g, but on the whole, people in most countries consume significantly <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21343?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&amp;url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org">less than this</a>.</p> <p>Potassium-enriched salt benefits our health by cutting the amount of sodium we consume, and increasing the amount of potassium in our diets. Both help to <a href="https://theconversation.com/this-salt-alternative-could-help-reduce-blood-pressure-so-why-are-so-few-people-using-it-221409">lower blood pressure</a>.</p> <p>Switching regular salt for potassium-enriched salt has been shown to <a href="https://heart.bmj.com/content/108/20/1608">reduce the risk</a> of heart disease, stroke and premature death in large trials around the world.</p> <p>Modelling studies have projected that population-wide switches to potassium-enriched salt use would prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths from cardiovascular disease (such as heart attack and stroke) each year in <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m824.long">China</a> and <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19072?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubme">India</a> alone.</p> <p>The key advantage of switching rather than cutting salt intake is that potassium-enriched salt can be used as a direct one-for-one swap for regular salt. It looks the same, works for seasoning and in recipes, and most people don’t notice any important <a href="https://theconversation.com/this-salt-alternative-could-help-reduce-blood-pressure-so-why-are-so-few-people-using-it-221409">difference in taste</a>.</p> <p>In the <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675">largest trial</a> of potassium-enriched salt to date, more than 90% of people were still using the product after five years.</p> <h2>Making the switch: some challenges</h2> <p>If fully implemented, this could be one of the most consequential pieces of advice the WHO has ever provided.</p> <p>Millions of strokes and heart attacks could be prevented worldwide each year with a simple switch to the way we prepare foods. But there are some obstacles to overcome before we get to this point.</p> <p>First, it will be important to balance the benefits and the risks. For example, people with <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21343?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&amp;url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org">advanced kidney disease</a> don’t handle potassium well and so these products are not suitable for them. This is only <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8177747/">a small proportion</a> of the population, but we need to ensure potassium-enriched salt products are labelled with appropriate warnings.</p> <p>A key challenge will be making potassium-enriched salt more affordable and accessible. Potassium chloride is more expensive to produce than sodium chloride, and at present, potassium-enriched salt is mostly sold as a niche health product at a <a href="https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/7/e27423">premium price</a>.</p> <p>If you’re looking for it, <a href="https://www.georgeinstitute.org/switchthesalt#card-with-text-2166">salt substitutes</a> may also be called low-sodium salt, potassium salt, heart salt, mineral salt, or sodium-reduced salt.</p> <p>A <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8319774/">review published in 2021</a> found low sodium salts were marketed in only 47 countries, mostly high-income ones. Prices ranged from the same as regular salt to almost 15 times higher.</p> <p>An expanded supply chain that produces much more food-grade potassium chloride will be needed to enable wider availability of the product. And we’ll need to see potassium-enriched salt on the shelves next to regular salt so it’s easy for people to find.</p> <p>In countries like Australia, about 80% of the salt we eat comes from <a href="https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/nutrition/sodium-salt/salthowmuch">processed foods</a>. The WHO guideline falls short by not explicitly prioritising a switch for the salt used in food manufacturing.</p> <p>Stakeholders working with government to encourage food industry uptake will be essential for maximising the health benefits.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/248436/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/xiaoyue-luna-xu-1388807">Xiaoyue (Luna) Xu</a>, Scientia Lecturer, School of Population Health, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bruce-neal-69">Bruce Neal</a>, Executive Director, George Institute Australia, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/george-institute-for-global-health-874">George Institute for Global Health</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-the-who-has-recommended-switching-to-a-healthier-salt-alternative-248436">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Body

Placeholder Content Image

Want your loved ones to inherit your super? Here’s why you can’t afford to skip this one step

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tobias-barkley-1271340">Tobias Barkley</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/la-trobe-university-842">La Trobe University</a></em></p> <p>What happens to our super when we die? Most Australians have superannuation accounts but about <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/SydLawRw/2024/10.html#Heading24">one in five</a> of us die before we can retire and actually enjoy that money.</p> <p>If we do die early our money is paid out as super “death benefits”. They can be substantial. Even people who die young can have $200,000–$300,000 of death benefits through <a href="https://moneysmart.gov.au/how-life-insurance-works/insurance-through-super">super life insurance</a>.</p> <p>Death benefits have recently been in the news for all the wrong reasons. Last week <a href="https://ministers.treasury.gov.au/ministers/jim-chalmers-2022/media-releases/mandatory-service-standards-superannuation-industry">the Treasurer Jim Chalmers</a> expressed concern about delays paying out death benefits.</p> <p><a href="https://lawcouncil.au/resources/submissions/proposed-reform-to-superannuation-death-benefits">The Law Council</a> is concerned people do not have enough control over how death benefits are distributed. <a href="https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/championing-for-molly-perth-mum-s-milestone-in-her-quest-for-justice-20241206-p5kwiu.html">Others are devastated</a> about death benefits being paid to alleged violent partners.</p> <h2>How can you decide who gets your unspent super?</h2> <p>Our first thought might be writing it in our will. However, super is not covered by our will as it does not become part of our <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/2001/1535.html">deceased estate</a>.</p> <p>Instead, death benefits are distributed by the trustee of your superannuation fund. Under the law, there are two main mechanisms controlling distribution: <a href="https://www.australiansuper.com/superannuation/access-your-super-early/nominate-a-beneficiary#:%7E:text=A%20binding%20nomination%20instructs%20AustralianSuper,the%20date%20we%20accept%20it.&amp;text=Lapsing%20binding%20nomination%20%E2%80%93%20This%20nomination,date%20you%20sign%20the%20form.">binding nominations</a> and the trustee’s discretion.</p> <p>Every super member has the option to create a binding nomination. It’s like a will for your super that the super trustee is obliged to follow. It also needs two witnesses to execute it. However, there are actually more ways for a binding nomination to fail than for a will to fail.</p> <p>The law only allows you to nominate certain people: your “<a href="https://www.lawsociety.com.au/resources/resources/my-practice-area/elder-law/superannuation-FAQs#collapse_165">dependants</a>” or your estate. If you nominate anyone else your entire nomination stops being binding. Plus, unlike wills, there is no way to fix execution errors. Also, many binding nominations expire after three years.</p> <p>If you don’t have a binding nomination, then the trustee can choose who your death benefit goes to. There are two main mechanisms controlling how the trustee chooses who gets your death benefit.</p> <p>First, <a href="https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/c2019-t371937-discussion-paper.pdf">legislation</a> requires the trustee to give the death benefit to your dependants or deceased estate before anyone else. This means that your parents, for example, will only receive something if you have no children, partner or other dependants.</p> <p>Second, decisions made by trustees can be disputed by complaining to the <a href="https://www.afca.org.au/">Australian Financial Complaints Authority (AFCA)</a>. The authority has a rigid approach to who should get death benefits and trustees usually follow this course of action.</p> <p><a href="https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/SLR/article/view/20199">Research I’ve done with Xia Li</a> of La Trobe University reveals what AFCA does in practice.</p> <p>Most crucially, people’s wishes expressed in non-binding nominations were essentially ignored. Our research found there was no statistically significant association between being nominated in a non-binding nomination and receiving any of the death benefit. This was true even for recent nominations.</p> <p>Other factors the complaints authority ignores are family violence and financial need. In one case, five daughters provided evidence, including a police report, that their deceased mother was a victim of violence perpetrated by her new partner. <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/701195.pdf">In keeping with the Federal Court, AFCA gave the alleged perpetrator</a> everything because he alone would have benefited from the deceased’s finances if she had lived.</p> <p>In another case, <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/874050.pdf">the deceased’s adult son received nothing</a> despite living with disability and “doing it tough”. He had refused financial help so was not financially dependent. AFCA gave everything to the partner.</p> <p>AFCA ignores these factors because of one key issue. It places “<a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/832049.pdf">great weight</a>” on whether beneficiaries are financially dependent on the deceased.</p> <p>This means when choosing between a financial dependent – such as a new partner who shares home expenses with the deceased, and non-financial dependants, such as most adult children – AFCA will almost always give everything to the spouse.</p> <p>Relying on financial dependence can be arbitrary. Unlike in family law, a de facto partner <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sia1993473/s10.html#spouse">does not need to be living with you for two years</a> before becoming entitled. For example, <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/753556.pdf">in one case AFCA gave a partner of possibly only seven months</a> (and 41 years younger than the deceased) everything and the deceased’s three children aged 27–33 nothing.</p> <p>Also, AFCA treats any regular payment that supports daily living as financial dependence. For example, <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/714258.pdf">a son paying A$100 a week board to parents means both parents are financially dependent on the son</a>. In another case, payments from the deceased to his brother of $5,000, $7,000 and $5,000 made over a year <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/842323.pdf">was not financial dependence because they were irregular</a>.</p> <p>The whole process is slow. The average time it takes to resolve a death benefit case that goes to AFCA is nearly <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/SydLawRw/2024/10.html#Heading248">three years and the longest case I’ve seen took over six</a>.</p> <p>The only thing that you can do that will make a difference is execute a binding nomination; non-binding nominations are worthless.</p> <p>But take care to execute your binding nomination correctly (get legal advice) and leave reminders for yourself to review it every three years.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/248019/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tobias-barkley-1271340"><em>Tobias Barkley</em></a><em>, Lecturer, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/la-trobe-university-842">La Trobe University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/want-your-loved-ones-to-inherit-your-super-heres-why-you-cant-afford-to-skip-this-one-step-248019">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Money & Banking

Placeholder Content Image

Why we get less narcissistic with age

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ava-green-1396648">Ava Green</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/city-st-georges-university-of-london-1047">City St George's, University of London</a></em></p> <p>There’s a perception that today’s youth are extremely narcissistic – fame-obsessed, selfish and vain. In fact, studies show this is <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2167696814522620?journalCode=eaxa">a common view</a> of young people, regardless of the times we live in. But are young people really more narcissistic? New research reveals that, as people age, <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2025-00409-001.html">they do tend to become less narcissistic</a>.</p> <p>Narcissism is a complex, <a href="https://theconversation.com/narcissism-why-its-less-obvious-in-women-than-in-men-but-can-be-just-as-dangerous-231392">multi-dimensional personality trait</a>, which captures features beyond vanity and self-absorption. Emerging <a href="https://doi.org/10%20.1177/09637214211044109">research</a> suggests there are <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12464">three different features</a> (called “dimensions”) of narcissism: agentic, antagonistic and neurotic.</p> <p>Agentic narcissism involves the need for admiration and feelings of superiority. Antagonistic narcissism is characterised by the exploitation of, and a lack of empathy towards, other people. Finally, neurotic narcissism refers to being sensitive and having difficulties regulating one’s emotions.</p> <p>In order to fully understand how narcissism develops, the new study looked at all the three features. They analysed data from 51 longitudinal studies (meaning studies which follow participants over time), all of which measured how participants’ levels of narcissism changed. The researchers coded whether each study measured one or more of three different dimensions of narcissism.</p> <p>To select the studies, the team used the American Psychiatric Association (APA) PsychInfo database of papers, searching for terms including “narcissism” and “narcissistic”. Each article was reviewed by two coders who were not part of the research team. The coders independently selected the studies based on details including sample size, gender ratio, measurement used, and the country in which the sample was collected.</p> <p>This robust procedure generated a large dataset which comprised of 37,247 participants (52% female) ranging from ages eight to 77 years. The majority of the participants were from western Europe, the US and Canada.</p> <p>Overall, the researchers found that all three dimensions of narcissism declined across the life span. There was a small decline for agentic narcissism and a moderate reduction for antagonistic and neurotic narcissism. The rate of change did not differ based on gender, age or birth cohort.</p> <p>Interestingly, the researchers also found that people’s narcissism relative to that of their peers remained consistent over the life span. In other words, people who were more narcissistic than average as children remained more narcissistic than average as adults.</p> <h2>Changing roles</h2> <p>What, then, are the mechanisms involved in people becoming less narcissistic as they go through life? One possible factor is to do with changing social roles across our lifespan. It is important to remember that narcissism exists along a spectrum, with the lower end being helpful (a healthy balance of self-esteem and confidence) and the higher end being unhelpful and malignant (fluctuating self-esteem, aggression and lack of empathy).</p> <p>It is possible that our <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-11667-014">personalities adapt</a> when we make the transition into adulthood – which involves important individual and social responsibilities such as commitment to a relationship, leadership roles, or becoming a parent. After all, it is hard to successfully look after children or managing other people if you are too focused on yourself.</p> <p>Even in old age, narcissism continues to decline. That may be because people tend to follow paths which encourages altruistic values as opposed to egoistic values, such as commitment to their family and grandchildren. By this age, most people have probably also learned the hard way the punishing consequences of being hostile to others.</p> <p>This view is supported by <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x">other research</a> suggesting that people develop more mature personality features in general over time, including becoming more emotionally stable, conscientious (hardworking and dutiful) and agreeable (kind and altruistic). As narcissism is considered to be the opposite of maturity, we expect, in theory, that features of narcissism (particularly the antagonistic and neurotic dimensions) to decrease across the life span.</p> <p>However, narcissism can increase over time in some people. Research shows that some aspects of narcissism, such as exploitation of others and lack of empathy, can increase when people assume positions of power. This is <a href="https://iaap-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00226.x">particularly relevant</a> at work and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886920304360">in relationships</a>.</p> <p>And let’s not forget that some people are simply just more narcissistic than others. Just because you’re 70 doesn’t mean you can’t be self-centered, it just means you might be less narcissistic than you once were.</p> <p>This may be partly down to genetics, but it may also be the case that certain environments exacerbate existing features of narcissism. For instance, certain parenting styles – including being neglectful, overprotective, and/or providing excessive praise by putting the child on a pedestal – have <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886920304359">all been linked</a> to children developing narcissism in adulthood, suggesting a good balance is key.</p> <p>It is important to understand more fully how narcissism changes across life. That is not least because we know that it can have a detrimental effects on the individual and the people around them.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/234437/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ava-green-1396648"><em>Ava Green</em></a><em>, Lecturer in Forensic Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/city-st-georges-university-of-london-1047">City St George's, University of London</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-we-get-less-narcissistic-with-age-234437">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Mind

Placeholder Content Image

From the Big Bogan to Larry the Lobster, why do towns build Big Things?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/amy-clarke-248726">Amy Clarke</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-the-sunshine-coast-1068">University of the Sunshine Coast</a></em></p> <p>Big Things first appeared in Australia in the 1960s, beginning with the <a href="https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/things/big-scotsman/">Big Scotsman</a> (1962) in Medindie, South Australia, the <a href="https://bigbanana.com">Big Banana</a> (1964) in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, and the <a href="https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/country-nsw/the-murray/tocumwal/attractions/big-murray-cod">Big Murray Cod</a> (1968) in Tocumwal, NSW.</p> <p>These structures were inspired by earlier North American examples, such as <a href="https://lucytheelephant.org">Lucy the Elephant</a> (1882) in New Jersey, and several <a href="https://www.laconservancy.org/learn/historic-places/randys-donuts/">big doughnuts in California</a>.</p> <p>While they differed in subject matter, all aimed to attract the attention of passing motorists: in the 1950s–1960s, private car ownership had soared and highway construction spread.</p> <p>Towns and regions across Australia, <a href="https://ourwayoflife.co.nz/11-iconic-big-thing-statues-around-new-zealand/">New Zealand</a> and North America used oversized landmarks to get travellers to stop, take a photo and hopefully spend money at local businesses.</p> <p>As awareness of these giant landmarks grew, so did the desire of other communities to have their own.</p> <p>Within a few decades, Australia’s Big Things had become a beloved fixture of road trips and summer holidays.</p> <h2>A big cultural impact</h2> <p><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14443058.2022.2144928">My research</a> shows the number of Big Things being constructed in Australia hit an initial peak in the 1980s before experiencing a temporary decline.</p> <p>By the 2000s, however, towns as far afield as Tully in Queensland (<a href="https://www.australiantraveller.com/qld/big-gumboot/">Big Golden Gumboot</a>), Cressy in Tasmania (<a href="https://www.aussietowns.com.au/town/cressy-tas">Big Trout</a>), and Exmouth in Western Australia (<a href="https://www.exmouth.wa.gov.au/news/exmouths-iconic-and-much-loved-crustacean-is-back/358">Big Prawn</a>) were reviving the tradition.</p> <p>Soon, Big Things became firmly entrenched in Australian popular culture: featuring on limited edition <a href="https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/sunshine-coast/redheads-pay-homage-to-icons/news-story/219026f222830073f4db107759e1145c">Redheads matchboxes</a> (2010), and on sets of <a href="https://australiapostcollectables.com.au/stamp-issues/aussie-big-things">Australia Post stamps </a>(2007 and 2023).</p> <p>But some of the older structures experienced declining popularity: the Big Wool Bales in Hamilton, Victoria (closed 2020), Victoria’s Giant Gippsland Earth Worm in Bass (closed 2020) and the Big Cask Wine in Mourquong, NSW (closed 2012), survive only in holiday photos and people’s memories.</p> <p>Icons like Larry the Lobster (Kingston, SA), the Big Prawn (Ballina, NSW), and the Big Pineapple (Nambour, Queensland) have battled <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/30/world/australia/larry-lobster-big-things-sale.html">changes in ownership</a>, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-09-24/council-votes-to-sink-big-prawn/1441452">threat of demolition</a>, and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/article/2024/aug/24/big-pineapple-reopen-queensland-woombye-history">closure</a>.</p> <p>Despite these challenges, and debates over heritage conservation, construction of these giant landmarks has not slowed.</p> <p><a href="https://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/outback-nsw/cobar-area/nyngan/attractions/big-bogan">The Big Bogan</a> was erected in 2015 in Nyngan, NSW, by community members who were eager to encourage visitors to the area.</p> <p>A local progress association in the small town of Thallon in Queensland unveiled William the <a href="https://www.stgeorgeregion.com.au/listing/william-the-wombat/">Big Wombat</a> in 2018, also with the aim to bring attention to the area.</p> <p>Similar hopes were held for the <a href="https://www.queensland.com/au/en/things-to-do/attractions/p-5f72991d4390bc7c02ab8547-the-big-melon">Big Watermelon</a> erected in 2018 (Chinchilla, Queensland), and the Big Tractor (Carnamah, WA) <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-05/midwest-wa-town-carnamah-unveils-worlds-biggest-tractor/104388496">which opened this year</a>.</p> <p>Through my research, I spoke with many people involved with projects such as these, and they said they’d selected objects that were iconic to their area.</p> <p>This could be a product they specialise in, a local native animal, or, in the case of the Big Bogan, a joke based on the name of nearby Bogan River.</p> <p>Most builders openly acknowledge their primary motivation is to promote the region, attract tourist dollars and investment, and revive towns that have seen better days.</p> <p>But do Big Things actually achieve these goals? Unfortunately, there is no easy answer.</p> <h2>An economic return?</h2> <p>Local economies are complex, as are the reasons people choose to visit. Many Big Things are constructed on the sides of highways that connect Australia’s numerous regional towns.</p> <p>People who stop for photos may not set out with the goal of visiting that Big Thing – it may simply be convenient to take a break there while on the way somewhere else.</p> <p>And if people do stop, it doesn’t guarantee they will spend more than the cost of filling up their car with petrol, if that.</p> <p>Over the years, tourism researchers have developed <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1447677021000322">several different models </a>for calculating the impact of rural and regional tourism on local economies.</p> <p>However, none of these approaches has proven to be universally effective. Most scholars agree tourists aren’t likely to travel long distances <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21568316.2019.1673811">for any one reason</a>.</p> <p>They will consider a range of factors including food and accommodation, and the closeness of numerous attractions. In other words: building a Big Thing won’t guarantee a sustained increase in tourism to the area on its own.</p> <p>Communities should factor this in when considering erection of a Big Thing, especially given the cost of construction.</p> <p>The Big Mango in Bowen <a href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-big-mango">reportedly cost $A90,000</a> when it was built in 2002, while the organisers of the Big Tractor in Carnamah <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-05/midwest-wa-town-carnamah-unveils-worlds-biggest-tractor/104388496">raised more than $600,000</a> to cover its price tag.</p> <p>The spread of social media and easy access to media outlets via the internet offers communities another reason to build Big Things, however.</p> <p>Australians are not the only ones fascinated by Big Things, and when a new one is unveiled — or an existing one goes “missing”, as <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-26324023">the Big Mango did in 2014</a> — it is often covered by the press and then shared online.</p> <p>These giant landmarks are also highly “Instagrammable”: <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3039474/The-20-hottest-Australian-attractions-Instagram-revealed-spectacular-Sydney-Opera-House-Twelve-Apostles-don-t-forget-Big-Banana.html">a 2015 survey</a> revealed that six of Australia’s 20 most Instagrammed tourist attractions were Big Things.</p> <p>This sort of coverage doesn’t necessarily guarantee the long-term revival of a town’s economy.</p> <p>But it can help to remind people of the town’s existence, and it gives locals a memorable image on which to build.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/241129/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/amy-clarke-248726">Amy Clarke</a>, Senior Lecturer in History, specialising in built heritage and material culture, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-the-sunshine-coast-1068">University of the Sunshine Coast</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-the-big-bogan-to-larry-the-lobster-why-do-towns-build-big-things-241129">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Domestic Travel

Placeholder Content Image

How we diagnose and define obesity is set to change – here’s why, and what it means for treatment

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/louise-baur-5284">Louise Baur</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-b-dixon-11630">John B. Dixon</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/swinburne-university-of-technology-767">Swinburne University of Technology</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/priya-sumithran-1529047">Priya Sumithran</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university-1065">Monash University</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/wendy-a-brown-1665">Wendy A. Brown</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university-1065">Monash University</a></em></p> <p>Obesity is <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/adult-overweight-obesity/health-risks#:%7E:text=Having%20overweight%20or%20obesity%20increases,the%20cells%20in%20your%20body">linked to</a> many common diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, fatty liver disease and knee osteoarthritis.</p> <p>Obesity is currently defined using a person’s body mass index, or BMI. This is <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight">calculated</a> as weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in metres). In people of European descent, the BMI for obesity is 30 kg/m² and over.</p> <p>But the risk to health and wellbeing is not determined by weight – and therefore BMI – alone. We’ve been part of a global collaboration that has spent the past two years discussing how this should change. Today we publish how we think obesity should be defined and why.</p> <p>As we outline in <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/clinical-obesity">The Lancet</a>, having a larger body shouldn’t mean you’re diagnosed with “clinical obesity”. Such a diagnosis should depend on the level and location of body fat – and whether there are associated health problems.</p> <h2>What’s wrong with BMI?</h2> <p>The risk of ill health depends on the relative percentage of fat, bone and muscle making up a person’s body weight, as well as where the fat is distributed.</p> <p>Athletes with a relatively high muscle mass, for example, may have a higher BMI. Even when that athlete has a BMI over 30 kg/m², their higher weight is due to excess muscle rather than excess fatty tissue.</p> <p>People who carry their excess fatty tissue <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2017-09-06/waist-size-why-it-matters-and-when-its-a-risk/8839708">around their waist</a> are at greatest risk of the health problems associated with obesity.</p> <p>Fat stored deep in the abdomen and around the internal organs can release damaging molecules into the blood. These can then <a href="https://theconversation.com/body-fat-deep-below-the-surface-is-a-toxic-risk-especially-for-your-heart-146307">cause problems</a> in other parts of the body.</p> <p>But BMI alone does not tell us whether a person has health problems related to excess body fat. People with excess body fat don’t always have a BMI over 30, meaning they are not investigated for health problems associated with excess body fat. This might occur in a very tall person or in someone who tends to store body fat in the abdomen but who is of a “healthy” weight.</p> <p>On the other hand, others who aren’t athletes but have excess fat may have a high BMI but no associated health problems.</p> <p>BMI is therefore an imperfect tool to help us diagnose obesity.</p> <h2>What is the new definition?</h2> <p>The goal of the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36878238">Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology Commission on the Definition and Diagnosis of Clinical Obesity </a> was to develop an approach to this definition and diagnosis. The commission, established in 2022 and led from King’s College London, has brought together 56 experts on aspects of obesity, including people with lived experience.</p> <p>The commission’s <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/clinical-obesity">definition and new diagnostic criteria</a> shifts the focus from BMI alone. It incorporates other measurements, such as waist circumference, to confirm an excess or unhealthy distribution of body fat.</p> <p>We define two categories of obesity based on objective signs and symptoms of poor health due to excess body fat.</p> <p><strong>1. Clinical obesity</strong></p> <p>A person with clinical obesity has signs and symptoms of ongoing organ dysfunction and/or difficulty with day-to-day activities of daily living (such as bathing, going to the toilet or dressing).</p> <p>There are 18 diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity in adults and 13 in children and adolescents. These include:</p> <ul> <li> <p>breathlessness caused by the effect of obesity on the lungs</p> </li> <li> <p>obesity-induced heart failure</p> </li> <li> <p>raised blood pressure</p> </li> <li> <p>fatty liver disease</p> </li> <li> <p>abnormalities in bones and joints that limit movement in children.</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>2. Pre-clinical obesity</strong></p> <p>A person with pre-clinical obesity has high levels of body fat that are not causing any illness.</p> <p>People with pre-clinical obesity do not have any evidence of reduced tissue or organ function due to obesity and can complete day-to-day activities unhindered.</p> <p>However, people with pre-clinical obesity are generally at higher risk of developing diseases such as heart disease, some cancers and type 2 diabetes.</p> <h2>What does this mean for obesity treatment?</h2> <p>Clinical obesity is a disease requiring access to effective health care.</p> <p>For those with clinical obesity, the focus of health care should be on improving the health problems caused by obesity. People should be offered evidence-based treatment options after discussion with their health-care practitioner.</p> <p><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01210-8/abstract">Treatment</a> will <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(22)00047-X/fulltext">include</a> management of obesity-associated complications and may include specific obesity treatment aiming at decreasing fat mass, such as:</p> <ul> <li> <p>support for <a href="https://www.obesityevidencehub.org.au/collections/treatment/behavioural-interventions-for-the-management-of-overweight-and-obesity-in-adults">behaviour change</a> <a href="https://www.obesityevidencehub.org.au/collections/treatment/managing-overweight-and-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents">around</a> diet, physical activity, sleep and screen use</p> </li> <li> <p>obesity-management medications to reduce appetite, lower weight and <a href="https://www.obesityevidencehub.org.au/collections/treatment/medication-and-surgery-for-the-treatment-of-overweight-and-obesity-in-adults">improve health</a> outcomes such as blood glucose (sugar) and blood pressure</p> </li> <li> <p>metabolic <a href="https://theconversation.com/thinking-about-bariatric-surgery-for-weight-loss-heres-what-to-consider-184153">bariatric surgery</a> to treat obesity or reduce weight-related health complications.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Should pre-clinical obesity be treated?</h2> <p>For those with pre-clinical obesity, health care should be about risk-reduction and prevention of health problems related to obesity.</p> <p>This may require health counselling, including support for health behaviour change, and monitoring over time.</p> <p>Depending on the person’s individual risk – such as a family history of disease, level of body fat and changes over time – they may opt for one of the obesity treatments above.</p> <p>Distinguishing people who don’t have illness from those who already have ongoing illness will enable personalised approaches to obesity prevention, management and treatment with more appropriate and cost-effective allocation of resources.</p> <h2>What happens next?</h2> <p>These new criteria for the diagnosis of clinical obesity will need to be adopted into national and international clinical practice guidelines and a range of obesity strategies.</p> <p>Once adopted, training health professionals and health service managers, and educating the general public, will be vital.</p> <p>Reframing the narrative of obesity may help eradicate misconceptions that contribute to stigma, including making false assumptions about the health status of people in larger bodies. A better understanding of the biology and health effects of obesity should also mean people in larger bodies are not blamed for their condition.</p> <p>People with obesity or who have larger bodies should expect personalised, evidence-based assessments and advice, free of stigma and blame.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/245164/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/louise-baur-5284"><em>Louise Baur</em></a><em>, Professor, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-b-dixon-11630">John B. Dixon</a>, Adjunct Professor, Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/swinburne-university-of-technology-767">Swinburne University of Technology</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/priya-sumithran-1529047">Priya Sumithran</a>, Head of the Obesity and Metabolic Medicine Group in the Department of Surgery, School of Translational Medicine, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university-1065">Monash University</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/wendy-a-brown-1665">Wendy A. Brown</a>, Professor and Chair, Monash University Department of Surgery, School of Translational Medicine, Alfred Health, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university-1065">Monash University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-we-diagnose-and-define-obesity-is-set-to-change-heres-why-and-what-it-means-for-treatment-245164">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Body

Placeholder Content Image

Why do some people’s hair and nails grow quicker than mine?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michelle-moscova-310728">Michelle Moscova</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p>Throughout recorded history, our hair and nails played an important role in signifying who <a href="https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/gender-culture-and-social-constructs-in-body-focused-repetitive-behaviors">we are and our social status</a>. You could say, they separate the caveman from businessman.</p> <p>It was no surprise then that many of us found a new level of appreciation for our hairdressers and nail artists during the COVID lockdowns. Even Taylor Swift reported <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/taylor-swift-reveals-shes-cutting-hair-covid-19/story?id=74757540&amp;t">she cut her own hair during lockdown</a>.</p> <p>So, what would happen if all this hair and nail grooming got too much for us and we decided to give it all up. Would our hair and nails just keep on growing?</p> <p>The answer is yes. The hair on our head grows, on average, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9917549/">1 centimeter per month</a>, while our fingernails grow an average of just <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11436330/">over 3 millimetres</a>.</p> <p>When left unchecked, our hair and nails can grow to impressive lengths. Aliia Nasyrova, known as the Ukrainian Rapunzel, holds the world record for the longest locks on a living woman, which measure an <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TdlEIQdVwo&amp;t=81s">impressive 257.33 cm</a>.</p> <p>When it comes to record-breaking fingernails, Diana Armstrong from the United States holds that record <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwql937j-7Q">at 1,306.58 cm</a>.</p> <p>Most of us, however, get regular haircuts and trim our nails – some with greater frequency than others. So why do some people’s hair and nails grow more quickly?</p> <h2>Remind me, what are they made out of?</h2> <p>Hair and nails are made mostly from keratin. Both grow from matrix cells below the skin and grow through different patterns of cell division.</p> <p>Nails grow steadily from the matrix cells, which sit under the skin at the base of the nail. These cells divide, pushing the older cells forward. As they grow, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5383514/">the new cells slide</a> along the nail bed – the flat area under the fingernail which looks pink because of its rich blood supply.</p> <p>A hair also starts growing from the matrix cells, eventually forming the visible part of the hair – the shaft. The hair shaft grows from a root that sits under the skin and is wrapped in a sac known as the hair follicle.</p> <p>This sac has a nerve supply (which is why it hurts to pull out a hair), oil-producing glands that lubricate the hair and a tiny muscle that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546248/">makes your hair stand up</a> when it’s cold.</p> <p>At the follicle’s base is the hair bulb, which contains the all-important hair papilla that supplies blood to the follicle.</p> <p>Matrix cells near the papilla divide to produce new hair cells, which then harden and form the hair shaft. As the new hair cells are made, the hair is pushed up above the skin <a href="https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(15)41553-2/fulltext">and the hair grows</a>.</p> <p>But the papilla also plays an integral part in regulating hair growth cycles, as it sends signals to the stem cells to move to the base of the follicle and form a hair matrix. Matrix cells then get signals to divide and start a new growth phase.</p> <h2>Unlike nails, our hair grows in cycles</h2> <p>Scientists have identified <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9917549/">four phases of hair growth</a>, the:</p> <ol> <li> <p>anagen or growth phase, which lasts between two and eight years</p> </li> <li> <p>catagen or transition phase, when growth slows down, lasting around two weeks</p> </li> <li> <p>telogen or resting phase, when there is no growth at all. This usually lasts two to three months</p> </li> <li> <p>exogen or shedding phase, when the hair falls out and is replaced by the new hair growing from the same follicle. This starts the process all over again.</p> </li> </ol> <figure class="align-center "><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/637402/original/file-20241210-15-gtv259.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/637402/original/file-20241210-15-gtv259.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=308&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/637402/original/file-20241210-15-gtv259.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=308&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/637402/original/file-20241210-15-gtv259.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=308&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/637402/original/file-20241210-15-gtv259.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=387&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/637402/original/file-20241210-15-gtv259.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=387&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/637402/original/file-20241210-15-gtv259.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=387&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="Stages of hair growth graphic" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Hair follicles enter these phases at different times so we’re not left bald.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/stages-hair-growth-cycle-vector-isolated-2433656865">Mosterpiece/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Each follicle goes through this cycle <a href="https://www.longdom.org/open-access/a-note-on-the-human-hair-follicle-from-the-origin-to-the-death-93871.html?t">10–30 times in its lifespan</a>.</p> <p>If all of our hair follicles grew at the same rate and entered the same phases simultaneously, there would be times when we would all be bald. That doesn’t usually happen: at any given time, only one in ten hairs is in the resting phase.</p> <p>While we lose about <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9917549/">100–150 hairs daily</a>, the average person has <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9917549/">100,000 hairs</a> on their head, so we barely notice this natural shedding.</p> <h2>So what affects the speed of growth?</h2> <p>Genetics is the most significant factor. While hair growth rates vary between individuals, they tend to be <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4201279/">consistent among family members</a>.</p> <p>Nails are also influenced by genetics, as siblings, especially identical twins, tend to have <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-26594-0_121-1">similar nail growth rates</a>.</p> <p>But there are also other influences.</p> <p><a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9917549/">Age makes a difference</a> to hair and <a href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-26594-0_121-1">nail</a> growth, even in healthy people. Younger people generally have faster growth rates because of the slowing metabolism and cell division that comes with ageing.</p> <p><a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7432488/">Hormonal changes</a> can have an impact. Pregnancy often <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7432488/">accelerates</a> hair and nail growth rates, while menopause and high levels of the stress hormone cortisol can <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7432488/">slow growth rates</a>.</p> <p>Nutrition also changes <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6380979/">hair</a> and <a href="https://ijdvl.com/nails-in-nutritional-deficiencies/?t">nail</a> strength and growth rate. While hair and nails are made mostly of keratin, they also contain water, fats and various minerals. As hair and nails keep growing, these minerals need to be replaced.</p> <p>That’s why a balanced diet that includes sufficient nutrients to support your hair and nails is essential for maintaining their health.</p> <p>Nutrient deficiencies may contribute to hair loss and nail breakage by disrupting their growth cycle or weakening their structure. Iron and zinc deficiencies, for example, have both been linked to <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6380979/">hair loss</a> and <a href="https://ijdvl.com/nails-in-nutritional-deficiencies/?t">brittle nails</a>.</p> <p>This may explain why thick hair and strong, well-groomed nails have long been associated with perception of good health and high status.</p> <p>However, not all perceptions are true.</p> <h2>No, hair and nails don’t grow after death</h2> <p>A persistent myth that may relate to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/vampire">the legends of vampires</a> is that hair and nails continue to grow after we die.</p> <p>In reality, they only <em>appear</em> to do so. As the body dehydrates after death, the skin shrinks, making hair and nails <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2151163/">seem longer</a>.</p> <p>Morticians are well aware of this phenomenon and some <a href="https://www.adomonline.com/mortuary-man-reveals-how-he-handles-nails-of-the-dead/?t">inject tissue filler</a> into the deceased’s fingertips to minimise this effect.</p> <p>So, it seems that living or dead, there is no escape from the never-ending task of caring for our hair and nails.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/241556/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michelle-moscova-310728">Michelle Moscova</a>, Adjunct Associate Professor, Anatomy, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-do-some-peoples-hair-and-nails-grow-quicker-than-mine-241556">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Body

Placeholder Content Image

Why the royal family is set to receive an eye-watering pay increase

<p>The members of the British royal family are set to receive a record-breaking pay increase, funded by British taxpayers. </p> <p>From April 2025, the amount the royals will receive from the Sovereign Grant - funded by the UK’s public purse – will jump by a whopping £45 million (A$88 million), to £132 million ($260 million).</p> <p>Not everyone is happy about this enormous pay increase, as CEO of Republic Graham Smith said that while the UK remains in the clutches of the cost of living crisis, it is not the time for such a hefty increase to one of the richest families in the world. </p> <p>“This is public money, all of this money comes from the government, at a time when the government is not able to properly fund schools, hospitals police … It is scandalous,” Smith told <em><a href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a63330811/british-royal-family-money-finances-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Town &amp; Country</a></em>.</p> <p>“Not only should it not be going up at all, it should be going down.”</p> <p>The increase was first announced last year, with Buckingham Palace officials saying at the time that a huge chunk of that extra cash will be put towards the £369 million ($728 million) bill for long-planned, necessary Palace renovations.</p> <p>The exact amount that is being allocated from this year’s Grant for the work has not been made public.</p> <p>The Grant was established in 2012 in order to help the royal family pay for expenses related to their official duties, with the vast majority usually spent on property maintenance and staffing.</p> <p>When the Grant first came into effect, there were many more working royals which required a larger pool of funding. </p> <p>Now that the royal roster has been stripped back, royal author Richard Palmer believes the public is now “getting less for their money”.</p> <p>He told <em>Town &amp; Country</em>, “I do think that the monarchy in general does a good job for the country and is part of the glue that binds us all together but that doesn’t mean that as an institution, as individuals, they should be able to avoid criticism. They are not above scrutiny.”</p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p>

Money & Banking

Placeholder Content Image

Why one pizza shop is charging almost $200 for a divisive topping

<p dir="ltr">A trendy pizzeria is charging customers almost $200 AUD for one divisive pizza topping as they reignite the debate of putting pineapple on pizza. </p> <p dir="ltr">Lupa Pizza in Norwich in the UK have reluctantly added Hawaiian pizza to their menu, but the ham and pineapple combo comes with a catch.</p> <p dir="ltr">Diners will be charged £100 ($198 AUD) for it, with the restaurant taking to social media to share the news of the hefty price. </p> <p dir="ltr">"🍍🍕 Pineapple on pizza — love it or hate it?" they wrote. "We're not so keen, but if you are, it's now on our Deliveroo menu for £100 ($198). 🤷‍♂️”</p> <p dir="ltr">"Order the champagne too! Go on, you monster!" they added.</p> <p dir="ltr">The restaurant's owner and chef have defended the cost for a simple reason: their shared dislike of pineapple on pizza.</p> <p dir="ltr">"I absolutely loathe pineapple on a pizza," Francis Woolf, the co-owner of Lupa Pizza, told the <em>Norwich Evening News</em>.</p> <p dir="ltr">Head chef Quin Jianoran agreed, adding, "I love a piña colada, but pineapple on pizza? Never. I'd rather put a bloody strawberry on one than that tropical menace.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Their views, however, are not shared with the majority of the British public. In the most recent YouGov survey on the subject, 53 percent of Britons admitted they enjoyed the taste of pineapple on pizza, while 41 percent of people do not.</p> <p dir="ltr">Lupa agreed to feature the Hawaiian special on its main menu if the people of Norwich voted in favour of the combination in an online poll, which closes on January 24th.</p> <p dir="ltr">“If pineapple wins the vote, I’ll make it,” said Mr Jianoran. “But I won’t be happy about it. And I might charge £200 next time.”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Instagram </em></p>

Food & Wine

Placeholder Content Image

Why the holiday season can be triggering - and what to do to protect yourself

<p>The Christmas rush is on, with people buzzing around purchasing gifts, seeing family and friends, and planning a joy-filled annual catch up. </p> <p>But for many, this time of year can be difficult. Holiday traditions tend to revolve around family and sometimes those relationships can bring their own challenges. It may be tempting to want to hit the fast forward button and skip through Christmas altogether.</p> <p>The festive season can be isolating for some people, but if you are also navigating emotions like grief it can feel overwhelming and be a harsh reminder of what has been lost, whether in recent times or even years ago. </p> <p>There’s an expectation from society that Christmas should be about having fun and being happy, yet if you’re grieving you may be feeling the weight of heavy emotions. It’s also hard for friends and family who want to help, but who may feel awkward and be unsure of what to say. </p> <p>Planning ahead can help make this holiday season feel more bearable. Start by setting specific boundaries on what you are prepared to do (or not do) this holiday season. What you will attend or not attend, and what feels right for you, right now.</p> <p>Acknowledge your grief and make space for it. All emotions and feelings are valid at this time of the year. Practice gentle self-compassion and don’t be tempted to over-commit to activities and events. Instead, take pressure off by setting realistic expectations that allow you the time and space to ride the waves of emotion as they appear.</p> <p>It’s also okay to re-evaluate your holiday traditions. Maybe consider adapting existing traditions and adding new and comforting rituals that are meaningful at this time. This doesn’t have to represent permanent change, adapting this year’s plans for this year’s emotions makes perfect sense. </p> <p>If it feels right, take time to commemorate. Fondly remember loved ones through activities such as lighting a special candle, playing their favourite song, creating a memorial ornament, cooking a much-loved family recipe or creating a memory box of photos and stories. </p> <p>Most importantly, remember that you are not alone. Reach out for assistance whenever you need it by connecting regularly with trusted friends and family, and consider getting some professional grief support as you navigate the holidays.</p> <p>As the rest of us rush toward the end of the year, let’s pause for a moment to think of others who may have an empty seat at the Christmas table. If you know someone who might be grieving these holidays, reach out regularly and check in. A call or even a text message can help people feel more seen and can make all the difference as they navigate this holiday season.</p> <p><em><strong>This article was written by Bare Counsellor Carolyn Ganzevoort, who is an experienced bereavement professional.</strong></em></p> <p><em><strong>Image credits: Shutterstock </strong></em></p>

Mind

Placeholder Content Image

Pilot explains why airplane mode on phones is so important

<p>A seasoned pilot has explained the real reason why your phone needs to be on airplane mode for the duration of your next flight. </p> <p>The pilot broke down the precaution in a video he posted to TikTok, with the explanation racking up over 2 million views. </p> <p>“The plane mode button on your phone is not a conspiracy,” declared the pilot, before reassuring passengers that using your phone onboard won't cause the plane to “fall out of the sky” or even really “mess with the systems on board”.</p> <p>However, if too many flyers choose to use their phones all at once, it can inadvertently mess with the pilots’ radio communications with the control tower.</p> <p>“If you have an aircraft with 70, 80, 150 people on board, and even three or four people’s phones start to try to make a connection to a radio tower for an incoming phone call, it sends out radio waves,” the captain explained. </p> <p>“There’s the potential that those radio waves can interfere with the radio waves of the headset that the pilots are using.”</p> <p>He recalled a recent flight where he was using his headset to get “clearance on which way to go” and the message interference made it feel like there was a “mosquito” in his ear.</p> <p>“It’s definitely not the end of the world but it’s pretty annoying when you’re trying to copy down instructions and it sounds like there’s a wasp or something flying around,” the pilot declared. </p> <p>“So if you’re ever curious why you’ve got to put on plane mode, that’s why.”</p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p>

Travel Trouble

Placeholder Content Image

Why cicadas are louder this year

<p>Anyone who's been outside in the last month may have noticed the loud buzz of cicadas and while there isn't an exact count of how many there are, a specialist has confirmed that "there are a lot more out there than usual".</p> <p>Dr Michael Elias, from the CSIRO's Australian National Insect Collection, told <em>9News </em>that part of the origin of this year's cicada crop may date back to the 2017-2019 drought. </p> <p>Cicadas have a life cycle of six to seven years, with the eggs laid by adult cicadas in the soil surviving on sap on tree roots. They need wet conditions to survive, and because the drought ended, more of them are now able to thrive. </p> <p>"I think what's causing it is partly, if you think about the amount of rainfall we've had this century, (we) started off in a bit of a drought there, and then had a few rain years, and back into drought," Elias said. </p> <p>"There was another drought that ended in different parts of Australia between 2017 and 2019," he continued. </p> <p>"So that was about seven years ago now, five to seven years ago, that that drought ended. </p> <p>"So the cicadas are becoming more noisy than they have been for quite a while, just because we haven't really had a good patch of seven years."</p> <p>The wetter conditions over the last few years have ensured the trees and roots they need to eat are abundant. </p> <p>"It's really probably just the fact that the ground is very wet, so there's a lot of tree roots out there for them to feed on," Elias said. </p> <p>"So you're getting lower mortality in the juveniles."</p> <p>He added that "it is possible that we're getting multiple generations emerging this year, just because we've had a few warm years."</p> <p>Adult male cicadas are the ones that make all the noise as they rub their wings against a membrane on their back to attract a mate. </p> <p>Cicadas can produce a noise intensity of up to 120 decibels, which is equivalent to the sound of thunder or a jet plane taking off. </p> <p>Australia has about 250 described species of Cicadas, with potentially 500 to 1000 undescribed species of the insects. </p> <p>"The level of our knowledge of the insect ecosystems is well below what the common person thinks it is," Elias said. </p> <p><em>Images: Shutterstock</em></p>

Travel Trouble

Placeholder Content Image

Why does grass make my skin itch?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/deryn-lee-thompson-1449312">Deryn Lee Thompson</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a></em></p> <p>So, you’ve enjoyed a picnic in the sunshine. Or you’ve sat on the grass for a twilight concert. But you’ve come away with itchy and scratchy skin.</p> <p>Could you have an allergy to grass? Or is something else going on?</p> <h2>Grass has tiny hairs</h2> <p>One possible reason we get a rash is the physical structure of grass itself.</p> <p><a href="https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-021-02840-x">Blades of grass</a> are covered in tiny “hairs” (called trichomes), which you can view under a microscope.</p> <p>These help protect the grass from being eaten by insects or animals, damaged by ultraviolet rays or losing too much water.</p> <p>Trichomes can also cause tiny scratches to the skin and the skin reacts by becoming red and may feel itchy.</p> <p>Some species of grass are also firmer or stiffer so may feel more “scratchy” when people sit on them.</p> <p>Skin is a complex organ and is linked to the immune system. When irritated, the skin and immune system recognise something is happening and release complex chemicals that can <a href="https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2815%2900575-8/fulltext">cause redness and itching</a>.</p> <p>People with dry, red, itchy skin conditions often find their skin is extra sensitive to grass and other irritants like fertilisers or sprays. For example, if you have eczema (also called dermatitis) your skin looks and feels dry, as your <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5849435/">skin barrier is damaged</a>.</p> <h2>Could it be an allergy?</h2> <p>Grass allergy involves <a href="https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergic-rhinitis-hay-fever-and-sinusitis/pollen-allergy">aero-allergens</a>, that is, the grass pollen in the air. Symptoms include runny or a stuffy nose, itchy nose and eyes and even itchy ears.</p> <p>If you have these symptoms allergy specialists <a href="https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergy-testing/allergy-testing">may perform a skin prick test</a> to identify particular aero-allergen triggers.</p> <p>After the allergist takes your detailed history, drops of various allergens are placed on the forearm, along with a positive and negative control. A sterile lancet pricks the skin through the drop. After 15 minutes the test is read, with positive reactions showing a “wheal and flare” response (a lump like a mosquito bite and redness). The allergist then interprets the findings.</p> <p>But, in the absence of hay fever-like symptoms, dermatologists may perform <a href="https://dermnetnz.org/topics/patch-tests">allergy patch testing</a> to investigate contact allergies (dermatitis) to specific plants, for example <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9542089/"><em>Compositae</em></a>.</p> <p>In a patch test the dermatologist places a series of small chambers (or sticky dots) on the back, each one containing a different potential allergen. The test takes several days to produce results. If a reaction develops under a test chamber, the dermatologist may confirm allergic contact dermatitis.</p> <p>But definitive results are tricky as these two allergy tests can’t tell you if your rash is from physical irritation – such as the tiny scratches – rather than an allergy.</p> <h2>How can I avoid it?</h2> <p>The best way to reduce physical irritation problems with grass it to limit contact. This could involve simple things like wearing long sleeves or pants, or sitting on a rug or towel.</p> <p>Many Australians do have dry skin, but do not often realise how dry it is. So, applying a <a href="https://toolkit.eczemasupport.org.au/my-self/moisturising-creams/">basic thick moisturiser</a> to the face and body skin can help place a barrier between the grass and the skin. Sunscreen is also recommended when outdoors.</p> <p>For people who have dry, red or itchy skin conditions or those who experience itchiness when sitting on the grass, taking <a href="https://allergyfacts.org.au/allergy-treatments-antihistamine/">antihistamines</a> a minimum of 30 minutes before you sit on the grass may help lessen the itchiness.</p> <h2>How can I calm my skin?</h2> <p>If you do develop a an irritant rash, here are a few tips. You could try</p> <ul> <li> <p>taking an <a href="https://allergyfacts.org.au/allergy-treatments-antihistamine/">antihistamine</a></p> </li> <li> <p>rinsing skin with tepid water</p> </li> <li> <p>washing off the potential irritants with a non-soap-based bland body cleanser <a href="https://toolkit.eczemasupport.org.au/my-self/bathing-showering-and-washing-clothes/">can be helpful</a>. Then, re-apply a layer of thick, bland, fragrance-free moisturiser.</p> </li> </ul> <p>If none of these measures help, see a pharmacist for advice on using an appropriate strength cortisone cream which may <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/rashes">help reduce</a> the symptoms.</p> <p>Be aware of more serious signs of an <a href="https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/about-allergy/anaphylaxis">allergic reaction</a>. If in addition to red bumps and itchiness, other symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, wheeze, chest tightness or facial swellings develop while sitting on the grass, people may need urgent medical care.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/243046/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/deryn-lee-thompson-1449312">Deryn Lee Thompson</a>, Lecturer in Nursing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-does-grass-make-my-skin-itch-243046">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Body

Placeholder Content Image

Readers response: If you could live abroad temporarily, where would you go and why?

<p>We asked our readers where they would settle if they could relocate, and why they would pick their new home destination, and the response was overwhelming. Here's what they said.</p> <p><strong>Cathy Parker</strong> - Scotland, and it wouldn't be temporarily, it would be permanent!</p> <p><strong>Karleen Green</strong> - Ireland, but without winter.</p> <p><strong>Jackie A Morris</strong> - Southern Spain, beautiful place and wonderful people.</p> <p><strong>Lyn McLaughlin</strong> - London. I'd easily fit in there.</p> <p><strong>Jeanne Meyers</strong> - South Africa as I lived there for 10 years and loved it.</p> <p><strong>Jenny Harris</strong> - Italy. I just love the atmosphere, friendliness of people and way of life.</p> <p><strong>Stuart Galloway</strong> - Menorca, Spain. Nice people, laid back atmosphere, and fewer (and better behaved) tourists compared to Ibiza and Majorca.</p> <p><strong>Ruth Peter Nussbaumer</strong> - Italy or southern Switzerland. So much culture and food. I would have to be millionaire though!</p> <p><strong>Yvonne Knight </strong>- Vietnam. Gorgeous people and very inexpensive.</p> <p><strong>Robyn Wilkie</strong> - Canada or Alaska. Been twice but never long enough. Love, love those places.</p> <p><strong>Kathy Wise</strong> - Germany, Austria, Switzerland or Canada!</p> <p><strong>Barbara Dakers</strong> - South Island New Zealand, or Norway. Poles apart but both so very beautiful, natural, peaceful and friendly.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p>

International Travel

Placeholder Content Image

Why sending a belated gift is not as bad as you probably think − and late is better than never

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rebecca-walker-reczek-232584">Rebecca Walker Reczek</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-ohio-state-university-759">The Ohio State University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cory-haltman-2240693">Cory Haltman</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-ohio-state-university-759">The Ohio State University</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/grant-donnelly-1250966">Grant Donnelly</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-ohio-state-university-759">The Ohio State University</a></em></p> <p>If finding the right present and making sure the recipient gets it on time leaves you feeling anxious, you’re not alone. More than half of Americans say <a href="https://www.lendingtree.com/credit-cards/study/holiday-gift-stressors/">that gift-giving stresses them out</a>.</p> <p>Concerns about on-time delivery are so common that people share holiday <a href="https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/living/story/christmas-shipping-deadlines-2024-74159960">deadlines for each shipping service</a>. And in the event that you can’t meet these deadlines, there are now handy <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/package-delays-christmas-gifts-etiquette/2020/12/23/578a369e-43a5-11eb-b0e4-0f182923a025_story.html">etiquette guides</a> offering advice for how to inform the recipient.</p> <p>If you’ve sent late gifts thanks to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/12/15/postal-service-holiday-packages-delays/">shipping delays</a>, <a href="https://nymag.com/strategist/article/top-gifts-to-buy-before-they-sell-out-2022.html">depleted stocks</a> or even good old-fashioned <a href="https://wwd.com/feature/last-minute-holiday-shopping-survey-reveal-curious-consumer-trends-1234684998/">procrastination</a>, our new research may offer some welcome news.</p> <p>In a series of studies that will soon be published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, we found that people overestimate the negative consequences of sending a late gift.</p> <h2>Trying to follow norms</h2> <p>Why do people tend to overestimate these consequences? Our findings indicate that when people give presents, they pay more attention <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1318">to norms about gifting</a> than the recipients do.</p> <p>For example, other researchers have found that people tend to be reluctant to give <a href="https://doi.org/10.1348/014466604X23428">used products as presents</a> because there’s a norm that gifts should be new. In reality, though, many people are often open to receiving used stuff.</p> <p>We found that this mismatch also applies to beliefs about the importance of timing. Many people worry that a late gift will signal that they don’t care about the recipient. They then fear their relationship will suffer.</p> <p>In reality, though, these fears are largely unfounded. Gift recipients are much less worried about when the gift arrives.</p> <p>Unfortunately, aside from causing unnecessary worry, being overly sensitive about giving a late present can also influence the gift you choose to buy.</p> <h2>Compensating for lateness</h2> <p>To test how lateness concerns affect gift choice, we conducted an online study before Mother’s Day in 2021. We had 201 adults participate in a raffle. They could choose to send their mother either a cheaper gift basket that would arrive in time for the occasion or a more expensive one that would arrive late.</p> <p>Concerns about lateness led nearly 70% of the participants to choose the less expensive and more prompt option.</p> <p>In another study, we conducted the same kind of raffle for Father’s Day and got similar results.</p> <p>Aside from finding that people will choose inferior items to ensure speedier delivery, we also found that givers may feel that they can compensate for lateness with effort.</p> <p>In another online study of 805 adults, we discovered that participants were less likely to expect a late delivery to damage a relationship if they signaled their care for the recipient in a different way. For example, they believed that putting an item together by hand, versus purchasing it preassembled, could compensate for a present being belated.</p> <h2>Better late than never?</h2> <p>If sending something late isn’t as bad as expected, you may wonder whether it’s OK to simply not send anything at all.</p> <p>We’d caution against going that route.</p> <p>In another online study of 903 participants, we found that recipients believed that not receiving anything at all was more likely to harm a relationship than receiving something as much as two months late.</p> <p>That is, late is better than never as far as those receiving gifts are concerned.</p> <p>You may want to keep that in mind, even if that new <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/dec/19/game-over-why-santa-may-struggle-to-bring-you-that-ps5-xbox-or-ipad">gaming console</a>, <a href="https://variety.com/2020/biz/news/baby-yoda-animatronic-toy-sold-out-hasbro-1203510368/">action figure</a> or <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2019/12/24/oculus-quest-headsets-sold-out-into-february/2742443001/">virtual reality headset</a> is sold out this holiday season. It could still be a welcome surprise if it arrives in January or February.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/244012/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rebecca-walker-reczek-232584"><em>Rebecca Walker Reczek</em></a><em>, Professor of Marketing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-ohio-state-university-759">The Ohio State University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cory-haltman-2240693">Cory Haltman</a>, Ph.D. Candidate in Marketing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-ohio-state-university-759">The Ohio State University</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/grant-donnelly-1250966">Grant Donnelly</a>, Assistant Professor of Marketing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-ohio-state-university-759">The Ohio State University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-sending-a-belated-gift-is-not-as-bad-as-you-probably-think-and-late-is-better-than-never-244012">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Family & Pets

Placeholder Content Image

NRL legend explains why he's retiring after 33 years

<p>NRL legend Paul Vautin has revealed the exact moment he knew his time on-air was over, just days after announcing his retirement. </p> <p>The 65-year-old shocked the sports world on Sunday when he confirmed his career on TV was coming to an end, saying he's "run out of petrol” and would not be continuing with his job with Channel 9 into 2025. </p> <p>Speaking candidly in the days after the shock announcement, Vautin - who has affectionally been known as Fatty during his career - detailed the exact moment he realised it was time to walk away.</p> <p>“Something changed this year. I’d be driving up in three hours of traffic on a Friday afternoon going ‘oh my god what am I doing?’” he said on SEN’s <em>The Run Home with Joel and Fletch</em>.</p> <p>“In the end I just felt as though I’d rather be at home watching the footy on a Friday night than working on it. I still love the game immensely but I just thought ‘you know what I think I’m done’."</p> <p> </p> <p>“There was one particular moment when the Brisbane Broncos were playing the Roosters on a Friday night at Suncorp and look it was a pretty good game, I was commentating with Joey and we were having a good time."</p> <p>“Then 20 minutes into the second half I was looking out at the field going, ‘Oh my god I am so bored’. I drove home thinking wow that had never happened before and I knew then it was the beginning of the end.”</p> <p>While fans are hopeful the NRL icon will reverse his decision and return to commentary, the 65-year-old says he has no intention of working again.</p> <p>“I’ll let you in on a little secret. I will never work again. I’m done. I’m not looking for work,” Vautin said.</p> <p>“No way. I don’t want to do anything. I don’t want to do radio, podcasts. I don’t want to do anything. I’m happy.”</p> <p><em>Image credits: Nine/SplashNews.com/Shutterstock Editorial</em></p>

Retirement Life

Placeholder Content Image

A brief history of Christmas Pudding – and why it can actually be quite good for you

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hazel-flight-536221">Hazel Flight</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/edge-hill-university-1356">Edge Hill University</a></em></p> <p>Even in these hard and strange times, Christmas will be celebrated and traditions upheld. And for many British households, Christmas dinner would not be complete without a Christmas pudding – traditionally served with brandy sauce, brandy butter or custard.</p> <p>The Christmas pudding originated in the <a href="http://medievalcookery.com/recipes/frumenty.html">14th-century</a> as a sort of porridge, originally known as “<a href="http://cookit.e2bn.org/historycookbook/1116-frumenty.html">frumenty</a>”, which bears little resemblance to the dessert we know today.</p> <p>It was <a href="https://historydollop.com/2020/03/15/frumenty-a-medieval-wheat-porridge/">originally made</a> with hulled wheat, boiled in milk, seasoned with cinnamon and coloured with saffron. It was associated with meatless days, lent and advent and was often served as a plain dish. But there are a <a href="https://www.epersianfood.com/frumenty/">variety of recipes</a> which included <a href="https://www.mumwhatelse.com/christmas-pudding-traditional-recipe/s">additions</a> such as beef, mutton, raisins, currants, prunes, wines and spices.</p> <p>In some instances, this was the staple food for Christmas eve, although in Yorkshire it was eaten first thing <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19098/19098-h/19098-h.htm">on Christmas morning</a>. In the 17th-century changes to the recipe were made. It was thickened with eggs, breadcrumbs, dried fruit and beer or spirits were added – and came to resemble something a bit more like a sweet pudding. However, it was the Victorians who fine tuned the recipe into the <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2005/12/07/christmas_pudding_recipe_feature.shtml#:%7E:text=Brandy%20Sauce&amp;text=This%20stew%20was%20served%20as,to%20give%20the%20pudding%20richness">Christmas pudding</a> many of us enjoy today.</p> <p>A Christmas pudding should have 13 ingredients – that represent Jesus and the 12 disciples. Traditionally, these ingredients include: raisins, currants, suet, brown sugar, breadcrumbs, citron, lemon peel, orange peel, flour, mixed spices, eggs, milk and brandy. Brandy is also <a href="https://www.pudforallseasons.com.au/blog/christmas-pudding-history-and-traditions">traditionally</a> poured over the pudding and set alight. The flaming brandy is said to represent the passion of Christ.</p> <p>Christmas puddings were traditionally boiled in a “pudding cloth”, although today are usually steamed in a bowl. Presented on the table with a sprig of holly, they are then doused in brandy and set alight.</p> <p>The last Sunday before Advent became known as “<a href="https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/christmas/christmas-countdown/a550045/ultimate-stir-up-sunday-when/">stir up Sunday</a>”. This was when the ingredients of the pudding would be assembled and stirred up in a bowl with a wooden spoon (representing the manger) from east to west – symbolising the journey taken by the three wise men. Traditionally, every family member stirs the pudding three times and makes a secret wish.</p> <p>Trinkets were always included in the traditional pudding. As a child I still remember the excitement of waiting to see who was going to <a href="https://metro.co.uk/2016/12/16/why-do-people-put-money-in-christmas-puddings-6327772/">find the sixpence</a>. Whoever found the coin was believed to have good fortune over the coming year.</p> <h2>A healthy pud?</h2> <p>Although the Christmas holidays can sometimes feel a little unhealthy – with a lot of sitting around and excessive food consumption – the ingredients that makeup a Christmas pudding are actually <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/365596/Why-Christmas-pudding-is-good-for-you">pretty nutritious</a>.</p> <p>Traditional Christmas puddings consists of fibre rich ingredients, such as fruits, nuts and currants. Dried fruits are rich in fibre, enzymes, polyphenols (substances with a <a href="https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/dry-fruits-and-diabetes-mellitus.pdf">high antioxidant activity</a>), vitamins and minerals. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/christmaspudding_71054">Sultanas, currants, apricots</a> and <a href="https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/food/recipes/a557006/pear-and-ginger-pudding">pears</a> are highly nutritious and packed with <a href="https://www.webmd.com/diet/foods-rich-in-potassium">essential potassium and iron</a>. And although dried fruits can contain a lot of sugar, they have a lower glycemic index value so don’t impact your blood sugar in the same way as other sweet treats.</p> <p>Raisins are also rich in antimicrobial compounds, fibre and iron. These compounds lower the risk of heart disease and can relieve constipation. Prunes too can also aid with digestion, relieve constipation, reduce inflammation and protect cells from free radical damage.</p> <p>Walnuts, hazelnuts, pecans and almonds can also be added into the mix and these all come with a range of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/benefits-of-walnuts">health benefits</a> – from <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/news/food-and-diet/nuts-may-lower-cholesterol/">lowering cholesterol levels</a> and reducing heart disease risk to delivering high levels of vitamin E, polyphenols and melatonin.</p> <p>The mixed spices, cinnamon, ginger, cloves, pimentos (or all spice) in a Christmas pudding are also an incredible source of <a href="https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/health-benefits-of-38-important-spices-from-around-the-world-1811783">aromatic antioxidants</a>. Spices aid digestion and have anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. They can supposedly even help to reduce bloating, cramps and nausea – key if you’ve been overdoing it a bit.</p> <p>There is one secret ingredient often overlooked but included in many recipes – <a href="https://www.lovefood.com/recipes/56899/christmas-pudding-recipe">the carrot</a>. Rich in beta-carotene, which the body utilises to produce Vitamin A, carrots are good for lowering cholesterol levels and, yes, for the health of your eyes.</p> <h2>A global tradition</h2> <p>Although a British tradition, the Christmas pudding is eaten in various countries including <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-christmas-pudding-evolved-with-australia-35027#:%7E:text=The%20Christmas%20pudding%20was%20there,usual%20rations%20at%20Christmas%20time">Australia</a> and <a href="https://www.foodandhome.co.za/recipes/karoo-steamed-christmas-pudding">South Africa</a>. The Canadians also have a version which includes <a href="https://cannedpeachesproject.com/canadian-christmas-pudding-recipe/">potatoes alongside the carrots</a>.</p> <p>The Christmas pudding even makes its way into literature, with Charles Dickens’ Christmas Carol making <a href="https://www.inliterature.net/food-in-literature/baked-goods/cakes/2012/12/a-christmas-carol-steamed-christmas-pudding.html">reference to it</a>. Then there is the case for Agatha Christie’s Hercule Poirot to solve in which he is advised to avoid the <a href="https://www.agathachristie.com/stories/the-adventure-of-the-christmas-pudding">plum pudding</a> – another name for the Christmas pud.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IFKJJVzRvGI?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>One well known fact about the Christmas pudding is that there always seems to be some left over after Christmas day. In fact Christmas puddings of the past could last up to a year, so it was often shared out. Indeed, in 1885 a British newspaper reported the joyful consumption of a <a href="http://www.chinovalleyaz.net/DocumentCenter/View/5620/December-2019-Senior-Sentinel">plum pudding</a> – sent overland via special envoy from Tehran — to a group of British soldiers stationed in northwestern Afghanistan.</p> <p>If you don’t fancy posting a pudding there are a number of ways you can share and use the <a href="https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/10-ways-leftover-christmas-desserts">leftovers</a> – with a whole host of recipes from Christmas strudel to a black pudding breakfast replacement. Another firm favourite is Christmas pudding ice-cream - simply mix pudding with vanilla ice cream and enjoy!<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/151160/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hazel-flight-536221">Hazel Flight</a>, Programme Lead Nutrition and Health, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/edge-hill-university-1356">Edge Hill University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-brief-history-of-christmas-pudding-and-why-it-can-actually-be-quite-good-for-you-151160">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Food & Wine

Placeholder Content Image

Australia Post wants to charge more for stamps next year. Here’s why it has to keep letters alive

<div class="theconversation-article-body">By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/paul-alexander-1126222">Paul Alexander</a>, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/curtin-university-873">Curtin University</a></em></p> <p>Remember back at the turn of the millennium, when sending a small letter only cost 45 cents? If you haven’t used the postal service recently, you might be in for a rude shock.</p> <p>Late last week, it was announced Australia Post had notified the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) of a proposal to increase the price of stamps.</p> <p>If ultimately approved by Communications Minister Michelle Rowland, the current basic postage rate for a small letter, $1.50, would <a href="https://auspost.com.au/disruptions-and-updates/pricing-updates/bpr-letter-pricing-update">rise</a> to $1.70 by mid-2025. Stamps for regular large and priority small letters would go from $2.20 up to $2.70.</p> <p>There would still be a discounted option for seasonal greetings cards, which would remain at 65 cents.</p> <p>If you’re feeling a sense of déjà vu, that’s because the last basic postage rate <a href="https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/rowland/media-release/decision-basic-postage-rate">increase</a> to $1.50 only just came into effect earlier this year.</p> <p>Like physical cash, letters have arguably been in terminal decline. According to Australia Post, <a href="https://newsroom.auspost.com.au/proposed-stamp-price-increase-as-letters-losses-mount">fewer than 3%</a> of letters are now sent by individuals. The rest are overwhelmingly business and government communications.</p> <p>But for some key groups, the “snail mail” remains a vital service. So why do we need to keep letters alive, and will increasing the price of stamps be enough to do so?</p> <h2>A duty to serve all Australians</h2> <p>As a publicly owned organisation, Australia Post has a range of formal community service obligations (CSOs). These are <a href="https://www.transparency.gov.au/publications/communications-and-the-arts/australian-postal-corporation/australia-post-annual-report-2022-23/other-important-information/community-service-obligations">enshrined in legislation</a> – the Australian Postal Corporation Act 1989.</p> <p>These CSOs were set up to ensure essential postal services are accessible and affordable to all Australians, including those in regional, rural and remote areas.</p> <p>They include providing a universal access to a standard letter service at a uniform price across the country, as well as specific obligations on the frequency, range and speed of mail delivery.</p> <p>Since 2015, Australia Post has been lobbying to reform its community service obligations to <a href="https://www.afr.com/markets/equity-markets/australia-post-posts-222m-loss-letter-posting-in-terminal-decline-20150925-gjup78">better align</a> with changed consumer behaviour and needs.</p> <p>That has led to some changes in what’s expected, including a range of <a href="https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/postal-services-modernisation-discussion-paper.pdf">reforms</a> implemented by the Australian government over the past year.</p> <p>These have included <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-12/auspost-to-halve-letter-delivery-frequency-from-monday/103699458">reducing delivery frequency</a> for letters and reallocating resources to parcel delivery, while still maintaining essential services in regional and remote areas and for special interest groups.</p> <p>We are clearly in a broader transition to new CSOs – and a new role for Australia Post. Much of that comes down to the difficulty of delivering letters.</p> <h2>The long decline of letters</h2> <p>In the last financial year, Australia Post’s letter volumes <a href="https://newsroom.auspost.com.au/proposed-stamp-price-increase-as-letters-losses-mount">fell</a> by almost 13%, which the company said led to a loss of $361.8 million.</p> <p>But this is nothing new. From a peak in 2008, letter delivery volumes have been <a href="https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/rowland/media-release/ensuring-australia-post-can-deliver-more-australians">plummeting</a> for more than a decade.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Australia Post <a href="https://newsroom.auspost.com.au/proposed-stamp-price-increase-as-letters-losses-mount">says</a> they’re now at levels not seen since the 1950s. Remember, in 1955, the Australian population was only 9.2 million people.</p> <p>Parallels with declining cash usage highlight our aversion to doing things with paper.</p> <p>Cash use in Australia has also fallen to historic lows, forcing the government to step in with a plan to <a href="https://theconversation.com/businesses-will-have-to-accept-cash-for-essentials-under-government-plan-243899">keep it alive for essentials</a>.</p> <h2>All or nothing</h2> <p>A key conundrum is that we can’t keep letters half-alive. For all Australians to be able post letters on a scheduled basis with fast delivery requires Australia Post to maintain a complete letter network across the entire nation.</p> <p>The overall costs of operating this – while not specifically itemised publicly – include maintaining delivery routes and retail outlets, paying employee wages and investing in infrastructure.</p> <p>Naturally, increasing the cost of sending letters will discourage businesses from doing so, shrinking the market ever more.</p> <p>But because the size of the mail delivery network does not shrink proportionately, this can cause outsize problems for Australia Post.</p> <p>Australia is not unique. Postal services around the world have felt <a href="https://www.upu.int/en/publications/physical-postal-services/strategies-and-ways-for-developing-the-traditional-letterpost-documents-market">similar pressures</a>, many of which have diversified into parcel logistics and offering other digital services.</p> <h2>Could we just lose letters?</h2> <p>There are three core demographics in Australian society that still need to send and receive physical mail. These are:</p> <ul> <li> <p>older Australians, particularly those who are less familiar with or have limited access to digital platforms</p> </li> <li> <p>residents of regional and remote areas with limited internet connectivity</p> </li> <li> <p>concessional users for whom discounted mail is the most affordable form of important communications.</p> </li> </ul> <p>At the very least, these groups all need to have a guaranteed ability to send and receive official information. That includes bank statements, legal notices, utility bills and government correspondence, such as electoral information.</p> <p>Less critical, but still socially important and likely not to be terminated, is delivery of cards and letters for personal milestones, holidays or other events.</p> <p>That puts Australia Post in a tricky position. It likely cannot maintain such large mail delivery infrastructure unless it does so at increasing losses.</p> <p>That also reduces its ability to provide other, more relevant services and can blunt its competitiveness in the parcel delivery market.</p> <h2>Letters as small parcels</h2> <p>For Australia Post, one solution may lie in leveraging its <a href="https://auspost.com.au/content/dam/auspost_corp/media/documents/2024-australia-post-annual-report.pdf">thriving</a> parcels delivery network.</p> <p>Given the essential user base for mail delivery is now so small, it makes sense for letters to be “special” delivery services, much as courier document services are now. Parcel home delivery resources could take this mail the last mile.</p> <p>This would be much more expensive per item for Australia Post. But if the market continued to decrease in volume, it would minimise total costs.</p> <p>It would also allow the government to provide a targeted subsidy if required.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/244503/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/paul-alexander-1126222">Paul Alexander</a>, Adjunct Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/curtin-university-873">Curtin University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-post-wants-to-charge-more-for-stamps-next-year-heres-why-it-has-to-keep-letters-alive-244503">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Money & Banking

Placeholder Content Image

Pilot explains why plane windows are rounded

<p dir="ltr">A pilot has revealed why plane windows are the unique shape that we see today, sharing a glimpse into the world of airplane design and engineering. </p> <p dir="ltr">American Airlines pilot Captain Steve, who regularly makes TikTok videos on the marvel of flying, shared the reason why plane windows today are slightly rounded instead of square, revealing why this design became the norm. </p> <p dir="ltr">"Some of the airliners were designed with square windows and over in Europe as airplanes started to climb higher and require more pressurisation, they discovered a problem," he shared in a clip that has since been viewed over two million times.</p> <p dir="ltr">Following a series of inflight disasters caused by their rectangular counterparts, the window designs had to be changed, as Captain Steve said, “The airplanes literally came apart.”</p> <p dir="ltr">He added that "they lost a few airplanes in midair" because the square windows created "a hairline crack" right in the edge, and the stress on the airframe caused by the pressurisation was simply too much.</p> <p dir="ltr">As a result, engineers decided to round the windows' frames so they wouldn't break under the strain and they've "never had a problem since," according to the pilot.</p> <p dir="ltr">The video was flooded with comments by curious passengers, with one person writing, “I have never thought about this but it makes so much sense! Captain Steve is teaching us yet again.”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p>

Travel Tips

Our Partners