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Whooping cough is surging in Australia. Why, and how can we protect ourselves?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/laurence-don-wai-luu-1415508">Laurence Don Wai Luu</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-technology-sydney-936">University of Technology Sydney</a></em></p> <p>Australia is facing a whooping cough outbreak. Some <a href="https://nindss.health.gov.au/pbi-dashboard/">2,799 cases</a> were recorded in the first three months of 2024. Cases are highest in Queensland and New South Wales, with more than 1,000 recorded in each state.</p> <p>The last time Queensland recorded more than 1,000 cases in three months was <a href="https://nindss.health.gov.au/pbi-dashboard/">the first quarter of 2013</a>. This was at the tail end of a significant outbreak that spanned 2008 until 2012 – Australia’s largest reported outbreak since the <a href="https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi2205-pdf-cnt.htm/$FILE/cdi2205c.pdf">widespread introduction</a> of whooping cough vaccines <a href="https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-annlrpt-oz_dis19_91.htm/$FILE/ozdis1917_91.pdf">in the 1950s</a>. More than 140,000 cases were recorded during this period, with the number peaking at 38,748 in 2011.</p> <p>There was a smaller outbreak between <a href="https://nindss.health.gov.au/pbi-dashboard/">2014 and 2017</a>, with more than 60,000 cases in these years.</p> <p>So what is whooping cough, why are cases rising now, and how can you protect yourself?</p> <h2>It’s most dangerous for babies</h2> <p>Whooping cough is a serious and <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/whooping-cough">highly contagious</a> respiratory disease. Also called pertussis, it’s caused by the bacteria <em>Bordetella pertussis</em>.</p> <p>The initial symptoms of whooping cough resemble other cold and flu-like symptoms. These include runny nose, sneezing, mild cough and fever. However, as the disease progresses into the second week, the coughing fits become worse and more frequent. After or between bouts of coughing, patients may gasp for air and produce the characteristic “whoop” noise.</p> <p>The disease is also sometimes called the “100-day cough” as it can last for <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150027/">6–12 weeks</a>. It’s especially serious and can be life-threatening in newborns who are yet to receive their vaccinations. In older children who are fully vaccinated, as well as adolescents and adults, the disease is normally less severe. However, even in adults, the coughing can lead to <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1701940">fractured ribs</a>.</p> <p>Antibiotics are used to <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ebch.1845">treat whooping cough</a> but are most effective when given during the initial stages of the illness. The best protection in the first instance is <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/whooping-cough">vaccination</a>, which prevents most cases of serious illness, and reduces the spread of whooping cough in the community.</p> <p>It’s recommended children are given six doses of a whooping cough vaccine (which is combined with vaccines for other diseases) between the ages of roughly two months and 13 years. Vaccination is free under the <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/immunisation/vaccines/whooping-cough-pertussis-immunisation-service">National Immunisation Program</a> for children and pregnant women. Vaccinating women against whooping cough during pregnancy protects newborns in their first months of life.</p> <p>Immunity from these vaccines wanes over time, so it’s also recommended adults receive a booster, particularly those who may come into frequent contact with babies.</p> <h2>Why are cases rising now?</h2> <p>Whooping cough outbreaks generally occur <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/whooping-cough">every 3–4 years</a>. Due to COVID measures such as border closures, social isolation and masks, the number of cases declined dramatically during 2020–23. If trends had followed the usual outbreak cycle, this might have been around the time we’d have seen another outbreak.</p> <p>Missed <a href="https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-study-confirms-decline-childhood-vaccination-coverage-throughout-covid-19-pandemic">routine whooping cough vaccinations</a> at the height of the pandemic may mean Australia is more vulnerable now. Reduced immunity in the population could be one of the reasons we’re seeing a rise in whooping cough cases in Australia and other countries including the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-epidemiology-in-england-2024/confirmed-cases-of-pertussis-in-england-by-month">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/han/advisory/2024/han-advisory-5.pdf">United States</a>.</p> <p>In Australia, cases have been particularly high during this outbreak in children aged 10–14.</p> <h2>A potential superbug</h2> <p>Over the past two decades, whooping cough has been getting better at evading vaccines and antibiotics. Most vaccines used in Australia and other developed countries stimulate your immune system to recognise and target <a href="https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough">three to five components</a> of the bacteria.</p> <p>Over time, the bacteria that causes whooping cough has been slowly acquiring mutations in these genes. These mutations make the bacteria look slightly different to the one used in the vaccine, helping it better hide from the immune system.</p> <p>Most of these changes were small. But in 2008, a new strain appeared in Australia that no longer produced <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/4/13-1478_article">pertactin</a>, one of the components targeted by the vaccine. This means your immune system, like a detective, has one less clue to recognise the bacteria.</p> <p>This new strain rapidly increased from <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/6/18-0240_article">5% of strains found in 2008</a>, to become the dominant strain in less than ten years, making up <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537726/">90% of strains</a> by 2017. This pertactin-negative strain was shown to survive better in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26432908/">vaccinated mice</a> and may have contributed to the high number of cases in the 2008–12 outbreak.</p> <p>Worryingly, since 2013, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/biggest-threats.html">antibiotic-resistant strains</a> of whooping cough have become <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2019.1587315">widespread in China</a>. While there are other antibiotics available, these are not recommended for infants <a href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/whoopingcough/Pages/workers-managing-cases.aspx">younger than two months</a> (the age group at most risk of serious disease). These resistant strains are increasingly <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/10/20-1035_article">spreading through Asia</a> but are not yet in Australia.</p> <h2>What next?</h2> <p>It’s too early to know how big this outbreak will be or what strains are responsible for it. Greater tracking of whooping cough strains, like we do with COVID, is needed to inform future vaccine design and treatments.</p> <p>Importantly, although the bacteria is evolving, current vaccines are still very effective at preventing serious disease and reducing transmission. They remain our best tool to limit this outbreak.</p> <p>To protect oneself, vulnerable newborns, and the wider community, everyone should ensure they are up-to-date with their <a href="https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/pertussis-whooping-cough">whooping cough vaccinations</a>. You can check this with your GP if you’re not sure. And anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms should <a href="https://ncirs.org.au/ncirs-fact-sheets-faqs/pertussis">stay away</a> from infants.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/226918/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/laurence-don-wai-luu-1415508"><em>Laurence Don Wai Luu</em></a><em>, Lecturer and Chancellor's Research Fellow, School of Life Sciences, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-technology-sydney-936">University of Technology Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/whooping-cough-is-surging-in-australia-why-and-how-can-we-protect-ourselves-226918">original article</a>.</em></p>

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COVID is surging in Australia – and only 1 in 5 older adults are up to date with their boosters

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adrian-esterman-1022994">Adrian Esterman</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a></em></p> <p>Do you have family members or friends sick with a respiratory infection? If so, there’s a good chance it’s COVID, caused by the JN.1 variant currently circulating in Australia.</p> <p>In particular, New South Wales is reportedly experiencing its <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-09/nsw-sydney-covid-variant-virus-pandemic-hospitalisations/103298610">highest levels</a> of COVID infections in a year, while Victoria is said to be facing a “<a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/victoria-in-midst-of-double-wave-of-covid19--as-jn1-triggers-infections-surge/4dada2cb-7d56-436a-9490-cad1d908a29a">double wave</a>” after a surge late last year.</p> <p>But nearly four years into the pandemic, data collection is less comprehensive than it was, and of course, fewer people are testing. So what do we know about the extent of this wave? And importantly, are we adequately protected?</p> <h2>Difficulties with data</h2> <p>Tracking COVID numbers was easier in the first half of last year, when each state and territory provided a weekly update, giving us data on case notifications, hospitalisations, ICU numbers and deaths.</p> <p>In the second half of the year some states and territories switched to less frequent reporting while others stopped their regular updates. As a result, different jurisdictions now report at different intervals and provide varying statistics.</p> <p>For example, <a href="https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/victorian-covid-19-surveillance-report">Victoria</a> still provides weekly reports, while NSW publishes <a href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/covid-19/Documents/respiratory-surveillance-20240106.pdf">fortnightly updates</a>.</p> <p>While each offer different metrics, we can gather – particularly from data on hospitalisations – that both states are experiencing a wave. We’re also seeing high levels of COVID <a href="https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/victorian-covid-19-surveillance-report">in wastewater</a>.</p> <p>Meanwhile, <a href="https://health.nt.gov.au/covid-19/data">Northern Territory Health</a> simply tell you to go to the Australian government’s Department of Health website for COVID data. This houses the only national COVID <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/covid-19/reporting?language=und">data collection</a>. Unfortunately, it’s not up to date, difficult to use, and, depending on the statistic, often provides no state and territory breakdowns.</p> <p>Actual case notifications are provided on a separate <a href="https://nindss.health.gov.au/pbi-dashboard/">website</a>, although given the lack of testing, these are likely to be highly inaccurate.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/covid-19/reporting?language=und">Department of Health website</a> does provide some other data that gives us clues as to what’s happening. For example, as of one month ago, there were 317 active outbreaks of COVID in aged care homes. This figure has been generally rising since September.</p> <p>Monthly prescriptions for antivirals on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme were increasing rapidly in November, but we are not given more recent data on this.</p> <p>It’s also difficult to obtain information about currently circulating strains. Data expert Mike Honey provides a regularly updated <a href="https://github.com/Mike-Honey/covid-19-genomes?tab=readme-ov-file#readme">snapshot</a> for Australia based on data from GISAID (the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) that shows JN.1 rising in prevalence and accounting for about 40% of samples two weeks ago. The proportion is presumably higher now.</p> <h2>What’s happening elsewhere?</h2> <p>Many other countries are currently going through a COVID wave, probably driven to a large extent by JN.1. These include <a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/506301/covid-19-complacency-waning-immunity-contribute-to-fifth-wave-epidemiologist">New Zealand</a>, <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/facemasks-mandatory-spain-hospitals-b2475563.html">Spain, Greece</a> and the United States.</p> <p>According to cardiologist and scientist Eric Topol, the US is currently experiencing its <a href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-01-04/covid-2024-flu-virus-vaccine">second biggest wave</a> since the start of the pandemic, linked to JN.1.</p> <h2>Are vaccines still effective?</h2> <p>It’s expected the current COVID vaccines, which target the omicron variant XBB.1.5, are still <a href="https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/seven-things-you-need-know-about-jn1-covid-19-variant">effective</a> at reducing hospitalisations and deaths from JN.1 (also an omicron offshoot).</p> <p>The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) updated their <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-update-on-the-covid-19-vaccination-program">advice</a> on booster shots in September last year. They recommended adults aged over 75 should receive an additional COVID vaccine dose in 2023 if six months had passed since their last dose.</p> <p>They also suggest all adults aged 65 to 74 (plus adults of any age who are severely immunocompromised) should consider getting an updated booster. They say younger people or older adults who are not severely immunocompromised and have already had a dose in 2023 don’t need further doses.</p> <p>This advice is very confusing. For example, although ATAGI does not recommend additional booster shots for younger age groups, does this mean they’re not allowed to have one?</p> <p>In any case, as of <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccine-rollout-update-8-december-2023?language=en">December 6</a>, only 19% of people aged 65 and over had received a booster shot in the last six months. For those aged 75 and over, this figure is 23%. Where is the messaging to these at-risk groups explaining why updating their boosters is so important?</p> <h2>Should we be concerned by this wave?</h2> <p>That depends on who we mean by “we”. For those who are vulnerable, absolutely. Mainly because so few have received an updated booster shot and very few people, including the elderly, are wearing masks.</p> <p>For the majority of people, a COVID infection is unlikely to be serious. The biggest concern for younger people is the risk of long COVID, which research suggests <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-02051-3">increases</a> with each reinfection.</p> <h2>What should we expect in 2024?</h2> <p>It’s highly likely we will see repeated waves of infections over the next 12 months and beyond, mainly caused by waning immunity from previous infection, vaccination or both, and new subvariants.</p> <p>Unless a new subvariant causes more severe disease (and at this stage, there’s no evidence JN.1 does), we should be able to manage quite well, without our hospitals becoming overwhelmed. However, we should be doing more to protect our vulnerable population. Having only one in five older people up to date with a booster and more than 300 outbreaks in aged care homes is not acceptable.</p> <p>For those who are vulnerable, the usual advice applies. Make sure you’re up to date with your booster shots, wear a P2/N95 mask when out and about, and if you do get infected, take antivirals as soon as possible.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/220839/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adrian-esterman-1022994"><em>Adrian Esterman</em></a><em>, Professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/covid-is-surging-in-australia-and-only-1-in-5-older-adults-are-up-to-date-with-their-boosters-220839">original article</a>.</em></p>

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With COVID surging, should I wear a mask?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/c-raina-macintyre-101935">C Raina MacIntyre</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p>COVID is <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-in-a-new-covid-wave-what-can-we-expect-this-time-216820">on the rise again</a>, with a peak likely over the holiday season.</p> <p>Given this, health authorities in a number of Australian states have recommended people start <a href="https://www.thenewdaily.com.au/life/health/2023/11/15/covid-australia-eighth-wave">wearing masks again</a>. In <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-17/wa-public-hospitals-mask-requirements-roger-cook-covid-19/103120580">Western Australia</a>, masks have been made mandatory in high-risk areas of public hospitals, while they’ve similarly been reintroduced in health-care settings in <a href="https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/coronavirus/mandatory-face-masks-introduced-in-lyell-mcewin-and-modbury-hospitals-as-covid-wave-hits-sa/news-story/b4bad98deb02a66dde4cf866f60b607a">other parts of the country</a>.</p> <p>Hospitals and aged care facilities are definitely the first places where masks need to be reinstated during an epidemic. But authorities are <a href="https://www.thenewdaily.com.au/life/health/2023/11/15/covid-australia-eighth-wave">differing in their recommendations</a> currently. Calls to mask up, particularly in the wider community, <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/queensland-covid-chief-health-officer-confirms-covid-wave/a3a92381-bd6f-4175-a366-3b8e0f627990">have not been unanimous</a>.</p> <p>So amid rising COVID cases, should you be wearing a mask?</p> <h2>COVID is still a threat</h2> <p>Unfortunately, SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID) has not mutated into just a trivial cold.</p> <p>As well as causing symptoms in the initial phase – which can be especially serious for people who are vulnerable – the virus can lead to <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-022-00846-2">chronic illness</a> in people of any age and health status due to its ability to affect blood vessels, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartjsupp/article/25/Supplement_A/A42/7036729">the heart</a>, lungs, brain and immune system.</p> <p>COVID and its ongoing effects are contributing to <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02521-2">substantial disability</a> in society. Loss of productivity due to long COVID is affecting <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare/our-insights/one-billion-days-lost-how-covid-19-is-hurting-the-us-workforce">workforce and economies</a>.</p> <p>While public messaging to “live with COVID” has seemingly encouraged us to move on from the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has other ideas. It has <a href="https://erictopol.substack.com/p/the-virus-is-learning-new-tricks">continued to mutate</a>, become <a href="https://www.ebgtz.org/resource/omicron-faqs/">more contagious</a>, and to evade the protection offered by vaccines.</p> <p>COVID is not endemic, but is <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/02/covid-will-never-become-an-endemic-virus-scientist-warns.html">an epidemic virus</a> like influenza or measles, so we can expect waves to keep coming. With this in mind, it’s definitely worth protecting yourself – particularly when cases are rising.</p> <h2>What can we do to protect ourselves?</h2> <p>We know SARS-CoV-2 transmits <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(21)00869-2/fulltext">through the air</a> we breathe. We also know a lot of the transmission risk is <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/covid-transmission-asymptomatic/story?id=84599810">from people without symptoms</a>, so you can’t tell who around you is infectious. This provides a strong rationale for universal masking during periods of high transmission.</p> <p>The need is highest in hospitals where thousands of unsuspecting patients have caught COVID during the course of the pandemic and <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/a-death-sentence-more-than-600-people-die-after-catching-covid-in-hospital-20230621-p5di7x.html">hundreds have died</a> as a result in Victoria alone. Aged care facilities are similarly vulnerable.</p> <p>Masks <a href="https://theconversation.com/yes-masks-reduce-the-risk-of-spreading-covid-despite-a-review-saying-they-dont-198992">do work</a>. A Cochrane review suggesting they don’t was flawed and subject to <a href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/how-the-cochrane-review-went-wrong-report-questioning-covid-masks-blows-up-prompts-apology/article_80b67196-5872-5b1a-a208-b0a525f8de5b.html">an apology</a>.</p> <p>Masks work equally by protecting others and protecting you. By visualising human exhalations too tiny to see with the naked eye, my colleagues and I showed how masks <a href="https://theconversation.com/which-mask-works-best-we-filmed-people-coughing-and-sneezing-to-find-out-143173">prevent outward emissions</a> and how each layer of a mask improves this.</p> <p>The most protective kind of mask is <a href="https://theconversation.com/time-to-upgrade-from-cloth-and-surgical-masks-to-respirators-your-questions-answered-174877">a respirator or N95</a>, but any mask protects <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7106e1.htm">more than no mask</a>.</p> <p>Wearing a mask when visiting health-care or aged-care facilities is important. Wearing a mask at the shops, on public transport and in other crowded indoor settings will improve your chances of having a COVID-free Christmas.</p> <h2>What about vaccines?</h2> <p>Although the virus’ evolution has challenged vaccines, they remain very important. Boosters will improve protection because vaccine immunity wanes and new mutations make older vaccines less effective.</p> <p>In May 2023 the <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/18-05-2023-statement-on-the-antigen-composition-of-covid-19-vaccines">World Health Organization</a> outlined why <a href="https://erictopol.substack.com/p/the-ba286-variant-and-the-new-booster">monovalent boosters</a> matched to a single current circulating strain gives better protection than the old bivalent boosters (which target two strains). The XBB boosters are available <a href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-covid-19-vaccines-australians-cant-get-yet/ueac5puue">in the United States</a>, and will be available in Australia <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/new-covid-19-vaccines-available-to-target-current-variants?language=en">from December 11</a>.</p> <p>Testing and treatment will also help. There are effective antivirals for COVID, but you cannot get them without a COVID test, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/were-in-a-new-covid-wave-what-can-we-expect-this-time-216820">testing rates</a> are very low. Having some RAT tests on hand means you can quickly isolate and get antivirals if indicated.</p> <p>Finally, safe indoor air is key. Remember that SARS-CoV-2 spreads silently, mainly by inhaling contaminated air. Opening a window or using an air purifier can significantly reduce your risk, especially in crowded indoor settings <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2752-5309/ace5c9">like schools</a>. A <a href="https://ozsage.org/media_releases/">multi-layered strategy</a> of vaccines, masks, safe indoor air, testing and treatment will help us navigate this COVID wave.</p> <hr /> <p><em>Editor’s note: This article has been updated to reflect the announcement that monovalent XBB 1.5 vaccines will be deployed as part of Australia’s COVID vaccination program.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/217902/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></em></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/c-raina-macintyre-101935">C Raina MacIntyre</a>, Professor of Global Biosecurity, NHMRC Principal Research Fellow, Head, Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/with-covid-surging-should-i-wear-a-mask-217902">original article</a>.</em></p>

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Top End tourism surge after massive search for fake Aussie town

<p>In an absolute boon to Top End tourism, it appears that Google users have been working overtime trying to locate a little slice of Northern Territory paradise known as Agnes Bluff and its nearby neighbour Mia Tukurta National Park. Why, you ask? Because they're convinced it's the next hidden holiday hotspot. But here's the catch: it's completely made up.</p> <p>This newfound obsession with Agnes Bluff and Mia Tukurta National Park is all thanks to Amazon Prime's latest hit series, <em>The Lost Flowers Of Alice Hart</em>. People have been binge-watching the show and drooling over the stunning landscapes, causing Google searches for these places to shoot up like a rocket on a sugar rush. </p> <p>According to <a href="https://www.news.com.au/travel/australian-holidays/northern-territory/google-searches-surge-for-agnes-bluff-an-aussie-town-that-doesnt-exist/news-story/59f00cc1e89074de0e6464c0072ae4b8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">news.com.au</a>, Google searches for Agnes Bluff skyrocketed by a whopping 1640 per cent between July and August in Australia, and then another 40 per cent in September, all thanks to the series. And it's not just our fellow Aussies on the hunt for these mystical places – folks from Spain, Canada, the UK, the United States and Italy are also joining the imaginary treasure hunt.</p> <p>Can we blame them for trying to uncover these hidden gems? After all, in the show, Agnes Bluff and Mia Tukurta National Park look so darn spectacular that even the Loch Ness Monster might want to visit. But chin up, dear travellers! While you can't exactly book a one-way ticket to Fantasyland, you can still visit the real-life locations that inspired the series.</p> <p>This show was born from the creative genius of Aussie author Holly Ringland, who drew inspiration from her time living on Anangu land in Australia's Western Desert. In her news.com.au interview, she said, "To know people are Googling these places I fictionalised feels like a shot of joy straight to my heart – I don't know that there could be a greater compliment given to my writing." </p> <p>So, where was the series actually filmed? Well, it turns out they filmed all over Central Australia, including places like the Alice Springs Desert Park, Simpsons Gap, Ooraminna Station, Standley Chasm and Ormiston Gorge – just to name a few.</p> <p>And that crater that had everyone drooling? It's called Tnorala, or Gosses Bluff, and it's a mere 175km from Alice Springs.</p> <p>In fact, search interest in Gosses Bluff crater has hit a 15-year high in Australia, increasing by a whopping 500 per cent in August alone – so, it seems like people are genuinely eager to find their own piece of Alice Hart's world.</p> <p>Now, if you're wondering about the burning question that's on everyone's minds, it's this: "What is the crater in <em>The Lost Flowers for Alice Hart</em>?" And let me tell you, Gosses Bluff, or Tnorala, is the crater-du-jour.</p> <p>But here's the best part – this place is absolutely real; it's not a mirage or a figment of some writer's imagination. You can actually go there, touch it (not the crater itself, though), and breathe in the stunning views. Sure, you can't frolic inside the crater, but there are viewing points that will have you oohing and aahing like a kid in a candy store.</p> <p>And so, while Agnes Bluff and Mia Tukurta National Park might be the stuff of dreams, Gosses Bluff is the real deal. So it could be  ime to pack your bags, grab your camera and get ready for an adventure that's so real, it'll make your Google searches feel like a distant dream. </p> <p><em>Images: Prime Video</em></p>

Domestic Travel

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"There's a lot of kids calling": Why the sudden surge in Lifeline calls

<p>Being a Lifeline volunteer has got to be one of the toughest gigs out there, it’s a heartbreaking, confronting job at the best of times.</p> <p>Volunteers are expected to listen to people’s cries for help while remaining understanding and sympathetic, making sure not to overstep personal boundaries, it’s a role that can be very rewarding but can also take quite an emotional toll.</p> <p>These people are watching the nation’s mental health epidemic unravel before them, giving their best effort to comfort people at the worst of times. Being physically unable to prevent deaths is an unimaginable challenge that 55-year-old volunteer Text Crisis Supporter Sonny Tuapola is all too familiar with.</p> <p>Through time, Sonny has learnt to compartmentalise, although emotions can’t always be blocked, and when it comes to the escalating emergency among Australia’s children, he said it is undoubtedly “the hardest part”.</p> <p>At around 9 am each day, once parents are off to work and kids are left alone, either at school or anywhere else in between, traffic to the text line surges.</p> <p>"They're texting from their bedrooms, homes, bathrooms, the back of the buildings, everywhere," Tuapola told 9News.com.au.</p> <p>"I do the 6 am to 10 am shift, and you know, you get adults texting in on the way to work, pulling over their cars on the side of the road.</p> <p>"But towards 9 o'clock, something else happens, you get all the school kids.</p> <p>"And there's a lot - a lot of kids calling.</p> <p>"That's the hardest part.”</p> <p>Sonny explained that there’s no specific age group that seeks help more than others, and heartbreakingly, he receives calls from children as young as five.</p> <p>"It's different ages and all different demographics and that sort of stuff," he said.</p> <p>"And, you know, we do have a kids helpline, especially tailored for kids from five to 15.</p> <p>"But I regularly speak to children aged 14, 15 and 16.”</p> <p>Sonny admitted that every single shift he works, there’s always a text or call from a child, which he describes as a “tough” experience that has left a profound, lasting impact on him.</p> <p>"I'm not going to lie...the first three months I found things were sitting with me after I was speaking to some of the help seekers calling through," he said.</p> <p>"But I've gradually learned to be more resilient and I've learned to be strong, but it is tough.</p> <p>"I need to be in the right frame of mind so I can go back and support my family, otherwise, I couldn't do what I do voluntarily.</p> <p>"I try to help as much as I can, I'll be there with them and I'll stick with them but at the end of the day, it's obviously up to them what they do and we can only try to arm them with knowledge.”</p> <p>Sonny has been working with Lifeline since July 2021, and explained his role is all about forming a connection with the person on the other line, not providing advice or revealing personal details, although sometimes he may want to.</p> <p>He explained that there’s no discrimination when it comes to mental health, it’s not exclusive to any demographic, and with the COVID-19 pandemic and cost of living crisis, it has heightened certain issues, and the problem is “right across the spectrum”.</p> <p>"Self-isolation, working from home, people not having balconies and being confined - that's been a big topic," he said.</p> <p>"The Northern Rivers floods that happened a few months ago up in Lismore has been another big one," he said.</p> <p>"The Ukraine war.”</p> <p>Most recently, the cost of living crisis has been a major impact on callers’ lives.</p> <p>"I've got people that are about to get thrown out of their homes," Sonny said.</p> <p>"They can't pay the rent, they don't know what to do.”</p> <p>Financial pressures are weighing heavily on Australians, and January 2023 saw a record-breaking demand for Lifeline’s resources.</p> <p>Data released in March 2022 revealed that around 26,000 searches for support were made throughout the month of January alone, the highest ever to date.</p> <p>Referral searches by Lifeline’s councillors specifically relating to financial troubles and homelessness also doubled between August 2022 and January 2023.</p> <p>"Not all calls, all interactions, are about suicide though," Sonny said.</p> <p>"Sometimes, people just want to talk to someone.</p> <p>"Mental health is a hidden, silent killer and we need to be talking about it more.</p> <p>"Because when someone doesn't talk about it? Well, that's the person we need to look out for.”</p> <p>2023 has marked Lifeline Australia’s 60th year of helping Aussies through tough times.</p> <p>The organisation was first founded in Sydney in 1963 by Reverend Dr Sir Alan Walker OBE, after he took a call from a distressed man who later died by suicide.</p> <p>Walker vowed never to let isolation or lack of support cause more deaths and launched what later became Lifeline’s 24/7 telephone crisis line, 13 11 14.</p> <p>Lifeline receives more than two-and-a-half million contacts seeking help each year within 42 centres nationwide.</p> <p><em><strong>Help is available, speak with someone today.</strong></em></p> <p><em><strong>Crisis support is available from <a href="https://www.lifeline.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lifeline</a> on 13 11 14.</strong></em></p> <p><em><strong>Support is available from <a href="https://www.beyondblue.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beyond Blue</a> on 1300 22 4636.</strong></em></p> <p><em>Image credit: Shutterstock</em></p>

Caring

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Princess Mary tests positive to Covid as cases surge

<p><em>Image: Getty </em></p> <p>Tasmanian-born Crown Princess Mary of Denmark has tested positive for Covid-19, amid a concerning spike of cases in the Northern European country.</p> <p>A spokesperson for the Royal Family confirmed the news on Wednesday.</p> <p>“Her Royal Highness is staying in isolation at Frederik VIII’s Palace at Amalienberg. There is no indication that others in the family are infected,” the spokesperson said.</p> <p>“In connection with the test result, the Royal House of Denmark is receiving advice from the Danish Patient Safety Authority concerning detection of infection.</p> <p>“The Crown Princess will remain in isolation until it is once again safe to end the isolation according to the applicable guidelines.”</p> <p>The Crown Princess’ case comes as Denmark and neighbouring Norway announced a host of strict Covid measures to battle the rising infection numbers, as the Omicron variant takes over.</p> <p>Denmark, which has one of the world’s most sophisticated Covid detection systems, recorded 8314 cases on Tuesday, the highest ever daily case number and more than double their last record which was 4034 last December.</p> <p>Schools and colleges were this week closed early, while many people were advised to return to remote working. The country’s booster shot program is being rolled out early, with jabs now available to over 40s six weeks earlier than planned.</p> <p>Princess Mary, who was born and raised in Hobart, married Prince Frederik in 2004 after meeting at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. The couple have four children. Her son Prince Christian tested positive to the virus in December last year.</p>

News

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Barack Obama facing backlash over his 60th birthday party during surge of COVID-19 cases

<p>Barack Obama has come under fire for planning an extravagant 60th birthday party as COVID-19 cases continue to rise across the US. </p> <p>The former President is expecting to have hundreds of guests at his luxurious 30-acre property <span>on Martha’s Vineyard island in Massachusetts this weekend. </span></p> <p><span>According to Axios, over 400 family, friends and staff are expected to arrive, as well as celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey, Steven Spielberg, George Clooney and more.</span></p> <p><span><img style="width: 500px; height: 280.7971014492754px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7842823/marthas-vineyard.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/6afee518ef74465ba0ee2a01986940e3" /></span></p> <p><em>Image credit: LandVest</em></p> <p><span>The rock band Pearl Jam are also rumoured to be performing at the prestigious event. </span></p> <p><span>The party, booked for August 7th, is facing criticism as it comes at a time when the highly-infectious Delta strain of Coronavirus is devastating the US, with an average of 70,000 cases per day.</span></p> <p><span>White House press secretary Jen Psaki stepped in to defend Obama's birthday plans, </span>stating he is following guidelines put in place by <span>Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and will have safety protocols adhered to. </span></p> <p><span>Psaki also said that Obama "has been a huge advocate of individuals getting vaccinated", and will require guests to be jabbed ahead of time to be allowed into the event. </span></p> <p><span>Guests will also receive a COVID test upon arrival, and anyone with symptoms will not be let in. </span></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p> </p>

Travel Trouble

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NSW announces new restrictions as cases surge

<p>NSW has recorded another huge surge of COVID-19 cases, with 16 new infections recorded overnight.</p> <p>NSW Health announced 10 new locally acquired cases in the 24 hours to 8pm last night, seven of which were announced yesterday.</p> <p>There were also 13 new locally acquired cases confirmed after the official reporting period, meaning they will be included in tomorrow's numbers.</p> <p>There are now 37 cases linked to the Bondi cluster.</p> <p>A number of new restrictions have also been announced.</p> <p>From 4pm today the following restrictions will apply for Greater Sydney, Blue Mountains, Central Coast and Shellharbour:</p> <p>• No more than five visitors to any household, including children</p> <p>• All customers must be seated at hospitality venues</p> <p>• Masks will be compulsory in all indoor non-residential settings, including workplaces, and at organised outdoor events</p> <p>• No singing or dancing at venues, except weddings which can have 20 people on the dance floor at one time</p> <p>• The one person per four square metre rule will be reinstated</p> <p>• Outdoor seated events will be limited to 50% seated capacity</p> <p>• Dance and gym classes will be capped at 20, with masks required</p> <p>Anyone who lives or works in the City of Sydney, Waverley, Randwick, Canada Bay, Inner West, Bayside, and Woollahra LGAs cannot travel outside metropolitan Sydney for non-essential travel.</p> <p>Ms Berejiklian held off on announcing a lockdown, but urged all residents to “abandon non-essential activities” and not attend social gatherings unless absolutely necessary.</p>

Legal

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Leaked government modelling shows what's in store for Victoria

<div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text "> <p>According to new data that was leaked to <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/politics/secret-modelling-reveals-covid19-cases-peak-still-weeks-away/news-story/ca5040cd435946e75e63b557b380f3b4" target="_blank" class="_e75a791d-denali-editor-page-rtflink"><em>The Australian</em></a>, Victoria's daily coronavirus cases will rise to a shocking 1,1000 by the end of the next week.</p> <p>This is according to a grim government forecast, and the numbers will stay this way for a further eight days.</p> <p>The secret modelling by the Daniel Andrews government estimates cases will stay this high and won't fall below current levels until the end of August.</p> <p>The modelling predicts that the daily average case numbers in Victoria won't return to pre-second-wave levels until October at the earliest.</p> <p>There are currently now 7,227 active cases in Victoria with 2,280 having no known source.</p> <p>The shocking modelling estimates that daily new cases will reach 693 by this Saturday.</p> <p>It's also predicted there will be a surge of cases by the start of next week before hitting 800 new cases per day on Thursday.</p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7837217/map-1.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/0e4653927b524489a579bcc569e1c983" /></p> <p>Health authorities have been hoping the six-week lockdown and city-wide 8 pm curfew would cause cases to "decline quite rapidly". </p> <p>"What we're seeing happening in Victoria is based on the world's best evidence about responding to pandemics, about bringing outbreaks like this under control," Deputy Chief Medical Officer Michael Kidd said.</p> <p>"And what works is keeping people in their homes, keeping people away from other people, and preventing the transmission from one community member to another.</p> <p>"What we hope to see over the next two weeks is the figures that we're currently seeing start to ­decline and hopefully decline quite rapidly."</p> <p>Epidemiologist Professor Tony Blakely of Melbourne University told <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-lockdown-result-in-three-weeks-could-seal-victorias-fate/news-story/085fe339e9a29858c55e81e66a19fbda" target="_blank" class="_e75a791d-denali-editor-page-rtflink"><em>news.com.au</em></a><em> </em>that it would take two to three weeks for authorities to gauge the impact of the current stage four lockdown.</p> <p>"The models should be able to show whether Victoria is on track to eliminate the virus in two to three months, which is critical information for policy makers," he said. </p> <p>"We don't have that information yet … so we can't do it accurately yet; we have to see how the case numbers change."</p> <p>This is a claim being strenuously<span> </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://7news.com.au/sunrise/on-the-show/top-doctor-responds-to-report-victorias-coronavirus-peak-is-still-weeks-away-c-1222427" target="_blank">denied by the Andrews government.</a></p> <p><em>Photo credit: <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8596041/Victorian-governments-secret-modelling-shows-states-COVID-19-peak-weeks-away.html" target="_blank">Daily Mail UK</a></em></p> </div> </div> </div>

News

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Asian countries brace for second surge of coronavirus

<p>As Europe and the United States reel from their first waves of the coronavirus pandemic, Asian countries who have flattened their infection curves brace for signs of a second surge.</p> <p>The governments of Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan are reportedly implementing new containment measures after seeing <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/coronavirus-cases-resurge-in-asia-crushing-hopes-that-disease-was-contained">rises in the number of new cases after weeks of declines</a>.</p> <p>According to Ben Cowling, an epidemiologist at the University of Hong Kong, these countries had been able to contain the spread of the virus throughout February following reports of community infections brought by cases from China. However, the pandemic then went transnational, increasing the threat of imported infections as citizens and permanent residents return to their home countries.</p> <p>“At the end of February and early March we started to get more imported cases from Europe. Hong Kong got a lot from Europe, the US, and other parts of the world, and Taiwan got a lot from the US,” Cowling told <em><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-asian-countries-that-beat-covid-19-have-to-do-it-again/">Wired</a></em>.</p> <p>He previously told <em><a href="https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/coronavirus/asian-countries-fear-coronavirus-resurgence-i-am-nervous/ar-BB12CoZS?li=AAgfYrC">CBS News</a> </em>that countries around the world might “get into a nasty cycle” of implementing repeated lockdowns every two or three months.</p> <p>“Coronavirus is not going away. We’re not going to eliminate it. We’re going to have to face the prospect that it is always going to be around, but hopefully in small numbers until we can identify an effective treatment or vaccine.”</p> <p>Dr Jerome Kim said cases of viral reactivation, where people who fully recovered from COVID-19 have since tested positive again, have been found in South Korea, China and other countries. However, he emphasised tests need to be carried out to evaluate testing sensitivities or confirm if the coronavirus found a way to evade detection.</p> <p>“I am nervous,” Dr Kim told <em>CBS News</em>. “What I hope is that what we see instead are little blips, so it’s like putting out a fire. You know that there are going to be embers that are glowing or smoking. You want to stamp those out before the fire starts again.”</p>

International Travel

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“No Chinese allowed”: Racism surges as fear around coronavirus spreads

<p>The outbreak of the coronavirus has led to a surge in anti-Chinese racism that adds to the anxiety felt by expatriate communities worldwide.</p> <p>Social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook have been overrun with hate speech in the form of racist memes and slurs and in some cases, suggesting violence against Chinese people or calling for the country to be “nuked”.</p> <p>“I don’t think it’s necessarily turned people into racists but what it does is inflame the existing prejudices within the community,” said ANU researcher Yun Jiang, coeditor of the <em>China Neican</em> policy newsletter.</p> <p>“So now people who perhaps have existing prejudice suddenly have an excuse to act out with racist behaviour and remarks.”</p> <p>In South Korea, a number of businesses are <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/926084.html" target="_blank" title="english.hani.co.kr">refusing to serve Chinese customers</a>, placing signs in windows reading, “No Chinese allowed.”</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-conversation="none"> <p dir="ltr">As of 6 pm on Tuesday, the entrance to a seafood restaurant in downtown Seoul bore a sign that read, in red Chinese characters, “No Chinese allowed.” That same day, union of food delivery workers asked to be excused from making deliveries to areas with a large Chinese population <a href="https://t.co/tSE0Z7wwhk">pic.twitter.com/tSE0Z7wwhk</a></p> — Klaus (@Kakapolka) <a href="https://twitter.com/Kakapolka/status/1222451845534060544?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 29, 2020</a></blockquote> <p>Similar notices have been placed in Japanese stores, saying that “No Chinese are allowed to enter the store. I do not want to spread the virus”.</p> <p>Chinese authorities have announced that the official death toll has risen to 170, with 7,711 cases now reported across the country.</p> <p>University of Manchester student Sam Phan wrote in<span> </span><em><a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/27/coronavirus-panic-uk-hostile-environment-east-asians" target="_blank">The Guardian</a> </em>about how the panic was making him feel “more and more uncomfortable”.</p> <p>“On the train over the weekend, a group sat opposite me chattering about their weekend plans,” Mr Phan wrote.</p> <p>“One of them seriously advised the rest, ‘I wouldn’t go to Chinatown if I were you, they have that disease.’ In another loud conversation, I overheard a woman talking about how terrified she was that her friend, who had spent some time working with Chinese students, might have infected her with the virus.”</p> <p>Mr Phan said as the virus spread, it had “revealed more and more stereotyped judgments about Chinese people”. “East Asians have been accused of instigating the virus by having ‘revolting’ eating habits,” he said. “Most Asians know these stereotypes all too well.”</p> <p>Ms Jiang agreed. “You look at the history of racism, a lot of it is linked to concepts of hygiene and customs such as food — the western conception of what’s weird and not, what is hygienic — and I think that really plays into this racist discourse as well,” she said.</p>

Travel Trouble

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FILL YOUR TANK: Petrol prices set to surge after attack on Saudi Arabian oil plants

<p>Now is the time to fill up with petrol, as prices are set to surge by nearly 10 cents a litre.</p> <p>This is due to fears of a worldwide fuel shortage after a drone strike on Saudi Arabian oil plants.</p> <p>There were attacks on two plants on Saturday and they’ve knocked out more than half of Saudi oil crude output, or five per cent of global oil supply.</p> <p>There are also fears that as many as 150 million barrels a month could be lost due to the facility’s indefinite closure.</p> <p>For now, it remains unclear as to how King Salman and his son Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman will respond to the incident.</p> <p>However, Peter Khoury from the NRMA told<em> <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/oil-prices-soar-after-attacks-on-saudi-arabia/news-story/41784e4737e9ab2167d75c7a34375630" target="_blank">The Australian</a> </em>that it’s normal for Australia to feel the effects of changing global oil prices.</p> <p>With petrol prices predicted to rise by up to 20c a gallon, this could mean that Australians could see a spike of 9 cents a litre.</p> <p>“The sad reality is when something like this happens, more often than not it has an adverse affect on prices and we feel it here at home,” he said. </p> <p>The average annual price of petrol is currently 7.0 cents per litre higher than last year, according to the report by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC).</p> <p>Retail petrol prices increased significantly in the June quarter of 2019, with the five largest cities in Australian being hit the hardest.</p> <p>In Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth, unleaded petrol averaged at 141.2 cents per litre in the last year.</p> <p>The ACCC has said that the main driver of higher petrol prices is the depreciation in the AUD-USD exchange rate.</p>

News

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ACCC demands answers from airlines for surge in cancelled flights

<p>Nearly 3000 extra flights were cancelled in the past year and now the ACCC is demanding answers from airlines.</p> <p>More and more Australians are having their travel plans thrown into chaos by cancelled or delayed flights, <em><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/business/companies/accc-seeks-answers-from-qantas-jetstar-virgin-australia-and-tigerair-over-cancellation-surge/news-story/aa76dbd0620ff39f8f4db54779e76d07">The Daily Telegraph</a></span></strong></em> report.</p> <p>About 10,800 domestic flights, or nearly two per cent of scheduled services, were cancelled in 2017.</p> <p>The on-time departure performance of airlines in 2017 were also worse than average.</p> <p>The ACCC is now asking questions about whether flight cancellations are an excuse by airlines to cut unprofitable flights when not enough seats have been sold.</p> <p>In December the ACCC said in a report that consumers had raised concerns “events within an airlines control have been described as being ‘outside their control’. They speculate that an airline’s decision to cancel a flight due to low passenger numbers has been presented as being cancelled for a different reason. This issue is of significant concern to the ACCC and we will be making specific inquiries of the Airlines to examine it further”.</p> <p>An ACCC spokesman yesterday told the publication “we are continuing to engage with the airlines to determine options to address our concerns”.</p> <p>Meanwhile, advocates are demanding a compensation scheme for stranded passengers.</p> <p>Consumer group Choice made a pitch to the Federal Treasury in its 2018-19 pre-Budget submission, asking for a scheme similar to Europe’s, where passengers whose flight arrives three or more hours after schedule can claim up to €600 ($960) for meals, accommodation and telephone calls.</p> <p>This would only apply for delays or cancellations within the airline’s control, such as mechanical or staffing issues. Weather events wouldn’t be covered.</p> <p>Choice spokesman Tom Godfrey said “this is really a policy problem that needs fixing”.</p> <p>It also wants the Airline Customer Advocate replaced with an ombudsman.</p> <p>“In our experience, the compensation you might get varies from airline to airline and traveller to traveller, which is why we’re calling for an ombudsman and a fixed compensation scheme, to introduce some clarity and consistency to the system,” Mr Godfrey said.</p> <p>The Customer Advocate is funded by participating airlines — Qantas, Jetstar, Virgin, Tiger and Rex. While it acts independently, Mr Godfrey said it “does not have independent power to make decisions that affect the participating airline’s response” to a complaint.</p> <p> </p>

Travel Tips

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Surge in 10-year passport applications expected

<p>A surge of applications is expected from New Zealanders wanting new 10-year passports which become available from Monday.</p> <p>Since 2005 New Zealanders have been issued five-year passports, but in May the Government announced passports would return to being valid for 10 years.</p> <p>From Monday New Zealanders aged 16 years and older can apply for the new passport at a cost of $180 - $40 more than a five-year version.</p> <p>Children's passports remain at five years due to the rate at which their appearance changes.</p> <p>Internal Affairs Minister Peter Dunne said many people wanting to renew their five-year passports would have been holding off until November 30 to apply for a 10 year passport.</p> <p>"There has been a lull over the past few weeks in applications," Dunne said.</p> <p>"I'm expecting there to be quite a surge from next week."</p> <p>The Department of Internal Affairs had assured him that new passports would be issued within 10 working days.</p> <p>"Hopefully we will be able to deliver a quality service and turn those around as quickly as we can."</p> <p>No extra staff were hired by to cope with the expected influx because the Department of Internal Affairs was confident it could cope with existing resources, he said.</p> <p>"If we are embarrassed on that score then obviously we'll look at that position again."</p> <p>While the 10-year passports were more expensive than the current version they worked out cheaper per year of validity, he said.</p> <p>House of Travel commercial director Brent Thomas said 10-year passports would be well received by New Zealanders.</p> <p>"It's something the public has been asking for some time," Thomas said.</p> <p>Applying for a passport could be a time consuming process due to getting the paper work in order and making sure identification photos were suitable, he said.</p> <p>"Sometimes there's a bit of toing and froing so doing that once every 10-years is going to be better than once every five."</p> <p>With 10-year passports about half as many people would get caught out trying to leave for an overseas holiday only to find their passport was invalid, he said.</p> <p>People who had already applied for a five-year passport could not upgrade their application to 10-year validity.</p> <p>The Department of Internal Affairs said on its website the timeframe was tight for people needing a 10-year passport before Christmas.</p> <p>"We are expecting a high number of 10-year passport applications in early December and postal services are busy, so it's best to allow plenty of time if you have Christmas travel plans."</p> <p>The new passport validity period brings New Zealand passports in line with the United States, British, French, Dutch, German and Australian passports.</p> <p>Written by John Anthony. First appeared on <a href="http://www.Stuff.co.nz" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Stuff.co.nz</strong></span></a>.</p>

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