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Do racehorses even know they’re ‘racing’ each other? It’s unlikely

<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cathrynne-henshall-572585">Cathrynne Henshall</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/charles-sturt-university-849">Charles Sturt University</a> When racing season arrives, everyone becomes an expert on the horses that are the stars of the spectacle. TV personalities, professional pundits and form guides talk confidently about the favourite’s “<a href="https://www.racenet.com.au/news/tony-brassel-on-the-great-unmeasurable-ticker">will to win</a>”. In close races, the equine contestants “<a href="https://www.justhorseracing.com.au/news/australian-racing/war-machine-to-battle-it-out/120326">battle it out</a>”, demonstrating “heart”, “grit” and “determination”. But do horses even know they are in a race, let alone have a desire to win it? Do they understand what it means when their nose is the first one to pass the post? Based on decades of experience and everything we know about horse behaviour, I think the most plausible answer is “no”. <h2>From the horse’s perspective</h2> From a horse’s perspective, there are few intrinsic rewards for winning a race. Reaching the end might mean relief from the pressure to keep galloping at high speed and hits from the jockey’s whip, but the same is true for all the horses once they pass the finishing post. If the race is close, the horse that eventually wins might even be <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0015622">whipped more often</a> in the final stages than horses further back in the field. So while being first to reach the winning post can be crucially important to the horse’s human connections, there is very little direct, intrinsic benefit to the horse that would motivate it to voluntarily gallop faster to achieve this outcome. So does a horse even know it’s in a race? Again, the answer is likely “no”. Running (cantering or galloping) is a quintessential horse behaviour and horses voluntarily run together in groups when given the opportunity – even in races <a href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2022/08/22/riderless-race-horses-take-to-the-streets-in-central-italy-in-pictures/">without jockeys</a>. However, there are a number of reasons to think horses have not evolved a desire to “win” during a group gallop. Horses are social animals. In the wild, to minimise their individual exposure to predators, they <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0258944">synchronise their movement</a> with other horses in their group. This synchronisation includes maintaining similar speeds to other group members (to keep the group together), being alert to the positions of their own body and their neighbours’ to avoid collisions, and adapting their speed to the terrain and environmental cues that indicate upcoming danger or obstacles. In the wild, “winning” – that is, arriving first, long before other group members – could even be a negative, exposing the “winner” to an increased risk of predation. This collective behaviour is the opposite of what owners, trainers and punters want from horses during a race. <h2>The horse’s preferences (and how riders override them)</h2> Horse races depend on two horse-related factors: the horse’s innate tendency to synchronise with other horses, and its ability to be trained to ignore these tendencies in response to cues from the jockey during a race. Trainers and jockeys also harness the preferences of individual horses. Some horses are averse to bunching up with others during the race, so jockeys let them move to the front of the field (these are “<a href="https://www.racingnsw.com.au/news/feature-articles/the-art-of-the-front-runner-timing-a-jockeys-best-friend/">front runners</a>”). Other horses seek the security of the group, so jockeys let them remain in the bunch until closer to the winning post (these are “come-from-behind” winners). Jockeys use several different interventions to override the horse’s innate tendency to synchronise. These might include: <ul> <li> directing the horses to travel much closer to the other horses (risking the sometimes fatal injuries we sometimes see at the track) </li> <li> travelling at speeds not of the horse’s choosing (usually at far higher speeds and for longer durations, and often maintained by use of the whip) </li> <li> preventing the horse from changing course to adapt its position relative to other horses in the field (directing its path via pressure on the mouth from the bit or taps from the whip). </li> </ul> During the early stages of a race, jockeys rely on horses’ innate desire to remain with the group to ensure they maintain the physical effort required to keep in touch with the front runners. This tendency may then be overruled so the horse will act independently of the group, leave it behind and come to the front to hopefully win. <h2>No concept of being in a race</h2> So horses most likely have no concept of being in a “race”, where the goal of their galloping is to get to a certain location on the track before any of the other horses. However, they undoubtedly know what it’s like to be in a race. That is, they learn through prior experience and training what is likely to happen and what to do during a race. And with jockeys and trainers who understand the individual preferences of their horses to maximise their chances during the race, there will always be one horse that reaches that part of the track designated the winning post before the other horses in the group. But as for winning horses understanding they are there to “win”? It’s far more likely it is the combination of natural ability, physical fitness and jockey skill that accounts for which horse wins, rather than any innate desire by that horse to get to the winning post before the other horses.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/216641/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/cathrynne-henshall-572585">Cathrynne Henshall</a>, Lecturer, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/charles-sturt-university-849">Charles Sturt University</a> Image credits: Getty Images This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/do-racehorses-even-know-theyre-racing-each-other-its-unlikely-216641">original article</a>.

Money & Banking

Australia’s best racehorses RANKED by their winnings

Australia and New Zealand have long histories as the home of many champion racehorses - from Phar Lap and Tulloch to Makybe Diva and Black Caviar. Over the years these horses have also earned some hefty prizes, with some totalling in the tens of thousands. Alan Whiticker - a longtime racing fan - has compiled the stories, stats and images of these horses among 24 featured in his new book <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.simonandschuster.com.au/books/Immortals-of-Australian-Horse-Racing/Alan-Whiticker/9781925946963" target="_blank">The Immortals of Australian Horse Racing</a>, including their winnings. Here are the ten of the greatest, ranked by their total winnings (adjusted for <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.rba.gov.au/calculator/annualDecimal.html" target="_blank">inflation</a>). <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845418/horses1.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/b108deac40cb47fc9439caf034137bf4" /> Winx ($26,421,176) Winx, the ‘Wonder Mare’, not only collected more than $26 million in her five-year racing career, but also received a swathe of awards and honours. She was Australia’s Champion Racehorse of the Year for four years running, the World’s Top-Ranked Turf Horse in 2017 and 2018, and entered Australia’s Racing Hall of Fame in 2017. According to Whiticker, “Winx had a V8 racing motor for a heart”. “And like all champions, her will to win was freakish.” <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845419/horses2.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/5bf88fbabc9e4f5ea2921bb9589e48af" /> Sunline ($17,149,276) The New Zealand-born racer was a popular contender both in her home country and Australia, with many arguing Sunline has been the best horse to come out of New Zealand since Phar Lap. Between 1998 and 2002, Sunline collected more than $11 million in winnings, equivalent to about $17 million today. She was crowned both the Australian and New Zealand Racehorse of the Year three times, and entered the Hall of Fame in both countries in the early 2000s. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845420/horses3.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/b9f05f6a5a2c4f5e86bad5ba62e8fa92" /> Makybe Diva ($14, 526, 685) Born in Somerset, England, Makybe Diva went on to win three Melbourne Cups - winning one in the same year that she placed first in the Sydney Cup. Following her third Melbourne Cup win in 2005, owner Tony Santic declared she was officially retired. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845421/horses4.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/62915e6d93e9451fae240a8f7a8349c3" /> Super Impose ($10,973,719) The New Zealander has become well-known for winning both the Doncaster and Epsom handicap races twice - and is the only horse that has done so. He retired in 1992 with a record $5.6 million in winnings, before going on to live a life of comfort until his death at 22-years-old. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845422/horses5.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/211b76c03b66472c8b298bb9c4b0fff3" /> Octagonal ($10,233,179) New-Zealand bred Octagonal, nicknamed ‘The Big O’, came into his own as a three-year-old and secured seven wins across Randwick, Rosehill, Canterbury, and Caulfield in just a year. In 1997, Octagonal retired with a then-record $5.89 million in prize money, equivalent to $10 million now. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845423/horses6.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/62097a6ebe2a4a6fb528033a20bd7aae" /> Better Loosen Up ($9,097,380) Better Loosen Up, named after his sire Loosen Up, achieved victory on an international scale with his win in the 1990 Japan Cup. In the same year, he also took the top spot in the Australian Cup and several other stakes races. Retiring three years later, Better Loosen Up’s winnings totalled $4.77 million. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845424/horses7.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/98f76bda6d0144a29fb74fa5ba81ec90" /> Might & Power ($8,489,287) Another winner hailing from New Zealand, Might & Power secured his first win in 1997 at Randwick just before he turned three. Before retiring in 2000, Might & Power earned a hefty $5 million in winnings, which equates to just under $8.5 million today. He was also crowned World Champion Stayer in 1998 and has since been entered into the Halls of Fame in both Australia and New Zealand. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845425/horses8.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/10fc9c06acd642759119155ff7f0aeb3" /> Black Caviar ($7,953,936) Another racehorse with plenty of accolades to her name, Black Caviar also achieved the near-impossible by winning every single one of her races across her four-year career. Almost four years to the day of her debut at Flemington, it was announced that she would retire to stud, taking $7.9 million in prize money with her. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845426/horses9.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/a9207975e82c4edfbea0d0c24bee12a6" /> Phar Lap ($6,659,594) As one of racing history’s most well-known horses, Phar Lap became an icon in Australia and New Zealand and prompted both countries to claim him as their own. The New-Zealand born racer went on to win 37 of his 51 races, including the Melbourne Cup, and earned £66,738 in winnings that equates to over $6.5 million today. His death in 1932 came as a shock to racing fans, with rumours emerging that claimed he was deliberately poisoned ahead of the Agua Caliente Handicap race in Tijuana, Mexico. However, Whiticker posits that his death may have been due to contaminated feed or travel sickness. <img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845427/horses10.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/af51500da737462ebcaba1da6a9d8e4c" /> Carbine ($6,028, 507) According to Whiticker, Carbine was “the 19th century’s giant” of horse racing in Australia. The New Zealand racer not only won the 1890 Melbourne Cup, but also carried a record weight, beat the largest number of racers, and ran the fastest time. Though he was eventually sold to the Duke of Portland in England, Carbine was considered an icon by Australians. By the time he retired in 1891, Carbine had earned 29, 626 in prizes and come first in all but six of his 43 races. Images: Supplied

Money & Banking

Put the baking soda back in the bottle: Banned sodium bicarbonate ‘milkshakes’ don’t make racehorses faster

The controversial and banned practice of giving horses baking soda “milkshakes” before a race doesn’t work, according to our analysis of the available research. Racing folklore says sodium bicarbonate milkshakes can boost racehorses’ endurance because the alkalinity of the baking soda helps counter the buildup of lactic acid in the blood when running. But our systematic research review, <a href="https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1bv2Z2dbxqYqLj">recently published in the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science</a> reveals milkshakes don’t boost horses’ athletic performance. This means any trainer still tempted to flout the ban on this tactic would be endangering their horses’ welfare and risking heavy sanctions over a practice that is basically snake oil. Despite the fun-sounding name, milkshakes are anything but. The process involves inserting a tube up the horse’s nose, down its throat and into the stomach, and then pumping in a concentrated solution of sodium bicarbonate dissolved in water. This can be stressful to the horse, and potential <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2004.08.014">side-effects</a> include lacerations to the nasal cavity, throat and oesophagus, gastrointestinal upset, and diarrhoea. It can even be fatal if the tube is mistakenly inserted into the trachea and the solution is pumped into the lungs. It’s little wonder Racing Australia has <a href="https://www.racingaustralia.horse/uploadimg/Australian_rules_of_Racing/Australian_Rules_of_Racing_01_March_2019.pdf">banned</a> the use of “alkalising agents” such as milkshakes on race day, with potentially career-ending ramifications for trainers caught doing it. No boost after all The effect of baking soda on athletic performance has been studied in human athletes for decades with <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191097">inconclusive results</a>, but has only been analysed in horses since the late 1980s. Our analysis included data from eight experimental trials featuring 74 horses. Overall, sodium bicarbonate administration in the hours before treadmill tests or simulated race trials did not improve horses’ running performance in either type of test. In fact, in treadmill exercise tests in which horses were not ridden by jockeys, sodium bicarbonate actually had a very small negative effect on running performance, albeit not a statistically significant one. Whereas human athletes might gain a placebo effect from sodium bicarbonate, this is unlikely to apply to horses who don’t understand the intended point of the milkshake. And while some racehorse trainers may be educated in exercise physiology and the importance of blood pH, others may believe they work simply because received wisdom and racing folklore say so. Racing aficionados steeped in tradition might respond with scepticism, or argue that research can’t replicate the unique conditions of race day. But given that our comprehensive analysis of a range of research trials shows no evidence that milkshakes work, we argue any recalcitrant trainers have a moral responsibility to listen to the science. Milkshakes are already banned. But our research shows they deliver no benefit anyway. Trainers who are happy to continue this illicit practice and run the gauntlet of potential sanctions should consider whether it is worth it at all, and whether instead they should reconsider on moral, medical and scientific grounds. Written by <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joshua-denham-1165121">Joshua Denham</a>, RMIT University and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adam-hulme-401293">Adam Hulme</a>, University of the Sunshine Coast. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/put-the-baking-soda-back-in-the-bottle-banned-sodium-bicarbonate-milkshakes-dont-make-racehorses-faster-148907">The Conversation.</a>

Caring

Hundreds of racehorses sent to slaughterhouses for pet and food consumption

Racehorses are being slaughtered in New South Wales and Queensland for pet food and human consumption, an <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-18/slaughter-abuse-of-racehorses-undermines-industry-animal-welfare/11603834" target="_blank">ABC </a>investigation has revealed. The practice is occurring “on an industrial scale” at abattoirs and knackeries despite industry rules and animal welfare policies, the report found. The ABC found dozens of thoroughbreds were sold to NSW knackeries and abattoir to be used for pet food production and human consumption. “We’re talking about destroying animals on an industrial scale,” said Paul McGreevy, professor of animal behaviour and welfare science at the University of Sydney. “I don’t think anyone in the industry can defend this.” In one Queensland abattoir, 300 racehorses were slaughtered in just 22 days. According to Elio Celotto of the Coalition for the Protection of Racehorses, the Meramist Abattoir slaughters an estimated 500 horses a month for imports to Japan and various European countries. The workers at the abattoir were also recorded beating and abusing the horses before the slaughter. Some animals were kicked and given electric shocks while others were hit with a hose. “There’s no denying the footage. This is the sort of material that will shake the industry to its core,” said Celotto. While the killing of racehorses is not illegal in Australia, it is against Racing NSW’s policy and rules which state that the animals should be rehomed and treated “sympathetically and humanely” when they leave racing. Racing NSW and Racing ACT also prohibited horses from being directly or indirectly sent to an abattoir or knackery. Racing NSW chief Peter V’Landys said people who have breached the rules “will be dealt with pretty severely”. “We’ll put the full force of the rules of racing against anyone that does that because it’s a severe breach of our rules and our terms and conditions of being in the thoroughbred racing industry,” he told <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/the-dark-side-of-the-horse-racing-industry/11614022">7.30</a>.

News

State funeral for Bart Cummings to be held today

A funeral will be held today for the late Bart Cummings, famed Australian racehorse trainer, who passed away on August 30 at the age of 87. Cummings, who was known as the “Cups King,” won the Melbourne cup a record-breaking 12 times during his career. For some time before his death, the legendary trainer was unwell having been admitted to the hospital for a chest infection in November of last year. Expected to be attended by thousands, the funeral service, which will be held at the St Mary’s Cathedral, Sydney, will also <a href="http://www.9news.com.au/national" target="_blank">stream live from 10am (AEST) on 9news.</a> Related links: <a href="/lifestyle/family/2015/08/why-grandparents-are-amazing/">Parents reveal why grandparents are so wonderful</a> <a href="/lifestyle/family/2014/11/loveable-movie-families/">The most loveable families on TV</a> <a href="/lifestyle/family/2014/08/5-reasons-why-we%E2%80%99ll-always-love-the-funny-family-guy,-robin-williams/">5 reasons why we’ll always love the funny family guy, Robin Williams</a>

News

Legendary racehorse trainer Bart Cummings has died

Bart Cummings the renowned horse trainer has died at the age of 87 surrounded by family at his homestead in north-western Sydney. His grandson, James, who was also Bart’s training partner revealed that Cummings died in his sleep in the early hours of Sunday morning. "James Bartholomew Cummings OAM, passed away peacefully in his sleep in the early hours of this morning, Sunday the 30th of August 2015, in his homestead at Princes Farm, Castlereagh," James Cummings said in a statement. "His final moments were spent with his family and wife of 61 years, Valmae, with whom he celebrated their anniversary on Friday. "For Bart, aged 87, this was a fitting end. A husband, father, grandfather and great-grandfather; a master trainer and a larger than life figure. "We will miss you." For some time now, Cummings had been in bad health and for the most part stayed at his farm.

News

Prisoners and retired racehorses give each other hope for a better future

Prisoners and ageing horses have more in common than one might initially think, it seems. Once a racehorse is too old to compete, they are often sent to slaughter or left without a caring home. Men who turned to crime, now labelled as criminals, can also be cast aside and left without a future. Now, these two groups of outcasts have turned out to be an unexpectedly perfect match. The Thoroughbred Retirement Foundation saw this opportunity for mutual support and created Second Chances Farm, a rehabilitation program that pairs incarcerated men with horses who would otherwise have no one to care for them. These men learn to take care of the retired horses, which helps them learn skills that will be applicable upon their release. One program member Albert Healey remembers the path that lead him down the road of crime, "I got laid off and my wife and I split up.” This unfortunate circumstance ultimately lead him to the rewarding experience of Second Chances Farm, “They listen to me when other people don’t.” The positive effect of the program is rapidly spreading throughout the US, as 13 states now have opportunities in place for prisoners to interact with horses, cats, and dogs who need loving homes. Research expects that this compassionate interaction can aid in the future prevention of reoccurring crimes. <iframe width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bBgTB1tF4po?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe> Related links: <a href="/news/news/2015/06/cat-mountain-lion-face-off/">Brave cat stands up to mountain lion intruder</a> <a href="/news/news/2015/06/dog-with-wheels-from-3d-printer/">Two-legged Dachshund gets 3D-printed legs</a> <a href="/news/news/2015/06/blind-jack-russel-and-best-friend/">Meet the blind Jack Russel and his best friend who acts as his eyes</a>

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Do racehorses even know they’re ‘racing’ each other? It’s unlikely

Australia’s best racehorses RANKED by their winnings

Put the baking soda back in the bottle: Banned sodium bicarbonate ‘milkshakes’ don’t make racehorses faster

Hundreds of racehorses sent to slaughterhouses for pet and food consumption

State funeral for Bart Cummings to be held today

Legendary racehorse trainer Bart Cummings has died

Prisoners and retired racehorses give each other hope for a better future

Our Partners

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Shop

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Newspaper

Contests

Entertainment

Travel

Health

Lifestyle

Finance

Property

Compare

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Information

Keep up to date

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Do racehorses even know they’re ‘racing’ each other? It’s unlikely

Australia’s best racehorses RANKED by their winnings

Put the baking soda back in the bottle: Banned sodium bicarbonate ‘milkshakes’ don’t make racehorses faster

Hundreds of racehorses sent to slaughterhouses for pet and food consumption

State funeral for Bart Cummings to be held today

Legendary racehorse trainer Bart Cummings has died

Prisoners and retired racehorses give each other hope for a better future

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