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Here’s how a new AI tool may predict early signs of Parkinson’s disease

<p>In 1991, the world was shocked to learn actor <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jan/31/still-a-michael-j-fox-movie-parkinsons-back-to-the-future">Michael J. Fox</a> had been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. </p> <p>He was just 29 years old and at the height of Hollywood fame, a year after the release of the blockbuster <em>Back to the Future III</em>. This week, documentary <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19853258/">Still: A Michael J. Fox Movie</a></em> will be released. It features interviews with Fox, his friends, family and experts. </p> <p>Parkinson’s is a debilitating neurological disease characterised by <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055">motor symptoms</a> including slow movement, body tremors, muscle stiffness, and reduced balance. Fox has already <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/video/michael-j-fox-on-parkinsons-and-maintaining-optimism">broken</a> his arms, elbows, face and hand from multiple falls. </p> <p>It is not genetic, has no specific test and cannot be accurately diagnosed before motor symptoms appear. Its cause is still <a href="https://www.apdaparkinson.org/what-is-parkinsons/causes/">unknown</a>, although Fox is among those who thinks <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/video/michael-j-fox-on-parkinsons-and-maintaining-optimism">chemical exposure may play a central role</a>, speculating that “genetics loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger”.</p> <p>In research published today in <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.2c01468">ACS Central Science</a>, we built an artificial intelligence (AI) tool that can predict Parkinson’s disease with up to 96% accuracy and up to 15 years before a clinical diagnosis based on the analysis of chemicals in blood. </p> <p>While this AI tool showed promise for accurate early diagnosis, it also revealed chemicals that were strongly linked to a correct prediction.</p> <h2>More common than ever</h2> <p>Parkinson’s is the world’s <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson-disease">fastest growing neurological disease</a> with <a href="https://shakeitup.org.au/understanding-parkinsons/">38 Australians</a>diagnosed every day.</p> <p>For people over 50, the chance of developing Parkinson’s is <a href="https://www.parkinsonsact.org.au/statistics-about-parkinsons/">higher than many cancers</a> including breast, colorectal, ovarian and pancreatic cancer.</p> <p>Symptoms such as <a href="https://www.apdaparkinson.org/what-is-parkinsons/symptoms/#nonmotor">depression, loss of smell and sleep problems</a> can predate clinical movement or cognitive symptoms by decades. </p> <p>However, the prevalence of such symptoms in many other medical conditions means early signs of Parkinson’s disease can be overlooked and the condition may be mismanaged, contributing to increased hospitalisation rates and ineffective treatment strategies.</p> <h2>Our research</h2> <p>At UNSW we collaborated with experts from Boston University to build an AI tool that can analyse mass spectrometry datasets (a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/mass-spectrometry">technique</a> that detects chemicals) from blood samples.</p> <p>For this study, we looked at the Spanish <a href="https://epic.iarc.fr/">European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition</a> (EPIC) study which involved over 41,000 participants. About 90 of them developed Parkinson’s within 15 years. </p> <p>To train the AI model we used a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-021-00216-4">subset of data</a> consisting of a random selection of 39 participants who later developed Parkinson’s. They were matched to 39 control participants who did not. The AI tool was given blood data from participants, all of whom were healthy at the time of blood donation. This meant the blood could provide early signs of the disease. </p> <p>Drawing on blood data from the EPIC study, the AI tool was then used to conduct 100 “experiments” and we assessed the accuracy of 100 different models for predicting Parkinson’s. </p> <p>Overall, AI could detect Parkinson’s disease with up to 96% accuracy. The AI tool was also used to help us identify which chemicals or metabolites were likely linked to those who later developed the disease.</p> <h2>Key metabolites</h2> <p>Metabolites are chemicals produced or used as the body digests and breaks down things like food, drugs, and other substances from environmental exposure. </p> <p>Our bodies can contain thousands of metabolites and their concentrations can differ significantly between healthy people and those affected by disease.</p> <p>Our research identified a chemical, likely a triterpenoid, as a key metabolite that could prevent Parkinson’s disease. It was found the abundance of triterpenoid was lower in the blood of those who developed Parkinson’s compared to those who did not.</p> <p>Triterpenoids are known <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/neuroprotection">neuroprotectants</a> that can regulate <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.10483">oxidative stress</a> – a leading factor implicated in Parkinson’s disease – and prevent cell death in the brain. Many foods such as <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11101-012-9241-9#Sec3">apples and tomatoes</a> are rich sources of triterpenoids.</p> <p>A synthetic chemical (a <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/PFAS_FactSheet.html">polyfluorinated alkyl substance</a>) was also linked as something that might increase the risk of the disease. This chemical was found in higher abundances in those who later developed Parkinson’s. </p> <p>More research using different methods and looking at larger populations is needed to further validate these results.</p> <h2>A high financial and personal burden</h2> <p>Every year in Australia, the average person with Parkinson’s spends over <a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/pd/2017/5932675/">A$14,000</a>in out-of-pocket medical costs.</p> <p>The burden of living with the disease can be intolerable.</p> <p>Fox acknowledges the disease can be a “nightmare” and a “living hell”, but he has also found that “<a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/video/michael-j-fox-on-parkinsons-and-maintaining-optimism">with gratitude, optimism is sustainable</a>”. </p> <p>As researchers, we find hope in the potential use of AI technologies to improve patient quality of life and reduce health-care costs by accurately detecting diseases early.</p> <p>We are excited for the research community to try our AI tool, which is <a href="https://github.com/CRANK-MS/CRANK-MS">publicly available</a>.</p> <p><em>This research was performed with Mr Chonghua Xue and A/Prof Vijaya Kolachalama (Boston University).</em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/heres-how-a-new-ai-tool-may-predict-early-signs-of-parkinsons-disease-205221" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

Mind

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10 nifty new uses for your vegetable peeler

<p>The humble veggie peeler has a place in most homes. Its life is mostly spent peeling potatoes or carrots, perhaps the occasional pumpkin or zucchini before being popped in the dishwasher for the next skimming session. As it happens, your veggie peeler actually has a range of different uses far and beyond merely peeling. Here are 10 of our favourites.</p> <ol> <li><strong>Hull strawberry stems</strong> – In nifty news, the pointy end of your peeler is actually designed to remove potato eyes. Make use of that newly discovered function by using it to hull the stems on strawberries.</li> <li><strong>Peel an onion</strong> – Bye bye onion tears! A veggie peeler can be used to shave thin slices of onion so that you can speed through the process before the tears start to well up.</li> <li><strong>Seed a chilli</strong> – Remove the spicy seeds in a hot chilli by slicing off the top then working a peeler around the middle to cleanly remove the seeds.</li> <li><strong>Create soap shavings</strong> – If you’re sick of slippery bars of soap that stick to the bath or shower, try creating ‘soap shavings’ that can be used a handful at a time. Less wastage as well!</li> <li><strong>Create a decorative lemon</strong> – If you’ve got a dinner party coming up, a pretty floral lemon is an easy way to impress guests. Simply use your peeler to make ridges down the sides of the lemon then slice with a knife as usual.</li> <li><strong>De-string celery</strong> – If the strings on celery end up in your teeth remove them altogether with your peeler. All you need to do is shave the curved side of the celery to remove fibres with ease.</li> <li><strong>Make chocolate shavings</strong> – Decorate a cake or bowl of ice cream with super easy chocolate shavings. Use a peeler to shave off three to five-cm pieces that can then be used to sprinkle on top of your favourite dessert.</li> <li><strong>Zest citrus</strong> – Need the zest of a lemon for a recipe but don’t have a zester? No problem! Use a veggie peeler to slice strips of your citrus fruit then process or crush the pieces for your recipe.</li> <li><strong>Sharpen your chalk</strong> – If you run your house off a chalkboard or have a chalkboard calendar you’ll know that blunt chalk is a nightmare. Use a peeler to remove blunt ends and bring chalk back to life.</li> <li><strong>Peel a mango</strong> – It may not be summer but come the warmer months be prepared by using a peeler to peel a delicious mango. The tough skin can be tricky to slice effectively where as a peeler does a neat and tidy job in a fraction of the time.</li> </ol> <p>Have you ever used a peeler for an unusual purpose? Tell us about it in the comments below.</p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p>

Home & Garden

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AI recruitment tools are “automated pseudoscience” says Cambridge researchers

<p>AI is set to bring in a whole new world in a huge range of industries. Everything from art to medicine is being overhauled by machine learning.</p> <p>But researchers from the University of Cambridge have published a paper in <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/13347" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Philosophy &amp; Technology</em></a> to call out AI used to recruit people for jobs and boost workplace diversity – going so far as to call them an “automated pseudoscience”.</p> <p>“We are concerned that some vendors are wrapping ‘snake oil’ products in a shiny package and selling them to unsuspecting customers,” said co-author Dr Eleanor Drage, a researcher in AI ethics.</p> <p>“By claiming that racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination can be stripped away from the hiring process using artificial intelligence, these companies reduce race and gender down to insignificant data points, rather than systems of power that shape how we move through the world.”</p> <p>Recent years have seen the emergence of AI tools marketed as an answer to lack of diversity in the workforce. This can be anything from use of chatbots and resume scrapers, to line up prospective candidates, through to analysis software for video interviews.</p> <p>Those behind the technology claim it cancels out human biases against gender and ethnicity during recruitment, instead using algorithms that read vocabulary, speech patterns, and even facial micro-expressions, to assess huge pools of job applicants for the right personality type and ‘culture fit’.</p> <p>But AI isn’t very good at removing human biases. To train a machine-learning algorithm, you have to first put in lots and lots of past data. In the past for example, AI tools have discounted women all together in fields where more men were traditionally hired. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/10/amazon-hiring-ai-gender-bias-recruiting-engine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In a system created by Amazon</a>, resumes were discounted if they included the word ‘women’s’ – like in a “women’s debating team” and downgraded graduates of two all-women colleges. Similar problems occur with race.</p> <div class="newsletter-box"> <div id="wpcf7-f6-p218666-o1" class="wpcf7" dir="ltr" lang="en-US" role="form"> <form class="wpcf7-form mailchimp-ext-0.5.62 resetting spai-bg-prepared" action="/technology/ai-recruitment-tools-diversity-cambridge-automated-pseudoscience/#wpcf7-f6-p218666-o1" method="post" novalidate="novalidate" data-status="resetting"> <p style="display: none !important;"><span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap referer-page"><input class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text referer-page" name="referer-page" type="hidden" value="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/" data-value="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/" aria-invalid="false" /></span></p> <p><!-- Chimpmail extension by Renzo Johnson --></form> </div> </div> <p>The Cambridge researchers suggest that even if you remove ‘gender’ or ‘race’ as distinct categories, the use of AI may ultimately increase uniformity in the workforce. This is because the technology is calibrated to search for the employer’s fantasy ‘ideal candidate’, which is likely based on demographically exclusive past results.</p> <p>The researchers actually went a step further, and worked with a team of Cambridge computer science undergraduates, to build an AI tool modelled on the technology. You can check it out <a href="https://personal-ambiguator-frontend.vercel.app/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <p>The tool demonstrates how arbitrary changes in facial expression, clothing, lighting and background can give radically different personality readings – and so could make the difference between rejection and progression.</p> <p>“While companies may not be acting in bad faith, there is little accountability for how these products are built or tested,” said Drage.</p> <p>“As such, this technology, and the way it is marketed, could end up as dangerous sources of misinformation about how recruitment can be ‘de-biased’ and made fairer.”</p> <p>The researchers suggest that these programs are a dangerous example of ‘technosolutionism’: turning to technology to provide quick fixes for deep-rooted discrimination issues that require investment and changes to company culture.</p> <p>“Industry practitioners developing hiring AI technologies must shift from trying to correct individualized instances of ’bias’ to considering the broader inequalities that shape recruitment processes,” <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13347-022-00543-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the team write in their paper.</a></p> <p>“This requires abandoning the ‘veneer of objectivity’ that is grafted onto AI systems, so that technologists can better understand their implication — and that of the corporations within which they work — in the hiring process.”</p> <p><!-- Start of tracking content syndication. Please do not remove this section as it allows us to keep track of republished articles --></p> <p><img id="cosmos-post-tracker" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=218666&amp;title=AI+recruitment+tools+are+%E2%80%9Cautomated+pseudoscience%E2%80%9D+says+Cambridge+researchers" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>Written by Jacinta Bowler. Republished with permission of <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/ai-recruitment-tools-diversity-cambridge-automated-pseudoscience/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cosmos Magazine</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Cambridge University</em></p>

Technology

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How to use Instagram as a travel tool

<p>At the end of 2014 more than 300 million people were on Instagram, handing out around 1.2 billion likes each day. It’s the fastest growing social media platform around the world as everyone busily uploads photos of their lunch, their outfit and their pets. And the #travel hashtag is one of the most popular out there. So how can you use Instagram as a travel tool?</p> <p><strong>Planning</strong></p> <p>First and foremost, Insty will provide some unbeatable inspiration for your next journey. Looking for a new beach break destination? Search hashtags like #beach, #ocean, #sand, #waves or #sea to bring up the most snappable stretches of water on the planet. If you’re looking for something more specific, try a niche tag like #londoncoffee, #melbournestreetart or #berlinbynight to see what the cool kids are photographing. Your favourite travel blogger will also most likely have an Instagram account, so you can scroll through images of all their top destinations with ease.</p> <p><strong>Discovering</strong></p> <p>Instagram has a handy location feature that can put you on to other sights, activities, restaurants or bars around you. When you add a photo you have the option to name a location, let’s say Place de la Concorde, Paris. Once your photo is up you can click on the location to see other photos taken recently at the same location. Et voila!</p> <p><strong>Connecting</strong></p> <p>They don’t call it a “social” network for nothing. Instagram is a great platform for connecting with local bloggers or Instagram users, hotels, tourist boards or local celebrities. Follow their accounts before you go to get an idea of what you can expect at your destination. Then you can start interacting with their pictures, liking, commenting and asking questions, to get some insider feedback. Don’t forget to use local hashtags (like #ilovesydney for Sydney or #shangrilasydney if you’re staying at the Shangri-La Hotel) to get noticed – you might even get a repost!</p> <p><strong>Bragging</strong></p> <p>No one likes to admit to this one, but isn’t that really what social media is all about? It’s the modern equivalent of dragging all the neighbours over to your house for a slideshow after your trip to Europe. Get a great shot, add a filter (or two) and add as many hashtags as you can think of. Instagram is a great way to show your family and friends what you’re up to, and it provides a nice visual record for you to go over when you get home.</p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p> <p> </p>

Travel Tips

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New world-first tool the size of a choccie bar that could save your life

<p dir="ltr">Demand for a low-cost defibrillator has proven there is a market for AEDs in the home according to Australian MedTech start-up, Rapid Response Revival, which has commenced manufacturing its world-first miniaturised defibrillator, CellAED in Sydney. </p> <p dir="ltr">More than 25,000 pre-orders from Australia alone have been secured for CellAED, which addresses the problem that conventional AEDs (automated external defibrillators) are too expensive for most households. Similar in size to a block of chocolate, designed to be deployed in seconds and priced around the USD250 mark, CellAED is intended to address this significant barrier to reducing the sudden cardiac arrest death toll worldwide.</p> <p dir="ltr">AEDs exist to speed response to sudden cardiac arrest, which kills in minutes and is responsible for more than 6 million deaths worldwide every year.  Around 80 per cent of all sudden cardiac deaths occur in homes, where AEDs are unlikely to be found.</p> <p dir="ltr">CellAED is the result of more than AUD40 million in development funding over five years, with a further USD100 million being sought following the commencement of manufacturing and demonstration of demand its unique medical technology.  Off the back of securing regulatory approvals for CellAED in more than 70 countries, RRR commenced commercialisation through its own channels in late 2021, adding two authorised distributors in Australia and New Zealand earlier this year.</p> <p dir="ltr">“To put our 25,000-plus pre-orders into context, we have research showing there are approximately 18,000 active AEDs in Australia, total.  From a purely commercial perspective, we have created a volume product in a category that is used to low volume sales, relative to the estimated 1.5 million AED &amp; CPR training courses delivered annually in Australia,” said Rapid Response Revival Head of Investor Relations, Damian Shrubsole.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Many of our pre-orders are from people at home, buying one for the house, another for the car.  There is also strong demand from businesses that want to introduce affordable AEDs to their environments for the first time, or bolster their network of conventional AEDs already in place.</p> <p dir="ltr">“These pre-orders have proven the appetite for AEDs in the home.  Many of us are at risk of, or living with cardiovascular diseases that put us in danger of sudden cardiac arrest.  We have shown that there are many households aware of that risk, that want to be prepared for the worst,” Mr Shrubsole said.</p> <p dir="ltr">CellAED is currently being manufactured at RRR’s facility in south-west Sydney, much of which was designed from the ground up by RRR’s engineers to accommodate CellAED’s unique design.  While mass production is set to commence in partnership with a large-scale manufacturer in south-east Asia, RRR will also continue manufacturing in Sydney.</p> <p dir="ltr">“This is an Australian invention, and future research and development will happen here.  Despite the challenges associated with manufacturing in Australia, we are expanding our Sydney production lines to retain control over our own R&amp;D, and ensure that any future innovation around how CellAED is built starts at home,” said Rapid Response Revival co-founder and CEO, Donovan Casey.</p> <p dir="ltr">“We created CellAED after my partner, Sarah narrowly survived her own sudden cardiac arrest.  Many of the people who have invested in this business also have lived experience – either through their families, or their professions as paramedics, cardiologists and other medical professionals.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Sudden cardiac arrest survival rates are less than one per cent globally because it kills quickly, and most people who witness a cardiac arrest don’t have the knowledge, skills or tools to respond in time.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Sudden cardiac arrest victims need urgent, rapid defibrillation because every minute without defibrillation and CPR, reduces the chances of revival by 10 per cent.  By getting AEDs into homes, where they’re needed the most, we have an opportunity to save more lives from these terrible events,” Mr Casey added.</p> <p dir="ltr">CellAED is ground-breaking medical technology that emergency first responders, electrocardiologists, first aid trainers and others dedicated to saving lives from sudden cardiac arrest have been waiting for in Australia.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-98f8f92e-7fff-f711-a9ff-e269c2c8e083"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">For more information on CellAED® visit <a href="https://cellaed.io/">cellaed.io</a></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Supplied</em></p>

Caring

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Artificial intelligence tool learns “song of the reef” to determine ecosystem health

<p class="spai-bg-prepared">Coral reefs are among Earth’s most stunning and biodiverse ecosystems. Yet, due to human-induced climate change resulting in warmer oceans, we are seeing growing numbers of these living habitats dying.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">The urgency of the crisis facing coral reefs around the world was highlighted in a recent <a class="spai-bg-prepared" href="https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/the-reef/reef-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> that showed that 91% of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef had experienced coral bleaching in the summer of 2021–22 due to heat stress from rising water temperatures.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Determining reef health is key to gauging the extent of the problem and developing ways of intervening to save these ecosystems, and a new artificial intelligence (AI) tool has been developed to measure reef health using… sound.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Research coming out of the UK is using AI to study the soundscape of Indonesian reefs to determine the health of the ecosystems. The results, <a class="spai-bg-prepared" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X22004575?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published</a> in <em class="spai-bg-prepared">Ecological Indicators</em>, shows that the AI tool could learn the “song of the reef” and determine reef health with 92% accuracy.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">The findings are being used to track the progress of reef restoration.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“Coral reefs are facing multiple threats, including climate change, so monitoring their health and the success of conservation projects is vital,” says lead author Ben Williams of the UK’s University of Exeter.</p> <div class="newsletter-box spai-bg-prepared"> <div id="wpcf7-f6-p193163-o1" class="wpcf7 spai-bg-prepared" dir="ltr" lang="en-US" role="form"> <form class="wpcf7-form mailchimp-ext-0.5.61 spai-bg-prepared init" action="/technology/artificial-intelligence-reef-song/#wpcf7-f6-p193163-o1" method="post" novalidate="novalidate" data-status="init"> <p class="spai-bg-prepared" style="display: none !important;"><span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap referer-page spai-bg-prepared"><input class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-text referer-page spai-bg-prepared" name="referer-page" type="hidden" value="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/" data-value="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/" aria-invalid="false" /></span></p> <p><!-- Chimpmail extension by Renzo Johnson --></form> </div> </div> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“One major difficulty is that visual and acoustic surveys of reefs usually rely on labour-intensive methods. Visual surveys are also limited by the fact that many reef creatures conceal themselves, or are active at night, while the complexity of reef sounds has made it difficult to identify reef health using individual recordings.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“Our approach to that problem was to use machine learning – to see whether a computer could learn the song of the reef. Our findings show that a computer can pick up patterns that are undetectable to the human ear. It can tell us faster, and more accurately, how the reef is doing.”</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Fish and other creatures make a variety of sounds in coral reefs. While the meaning of many of these calls remains a mystery, the new machine-learning algorithm can distinguish overall between healthy and unhealthy reefs.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">Recordings used in the study were taken at the <a class="spai-bg-prepared" href="http://www.buildingcoral.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Coral Reef Restoration Project</a>, which is restoring heavily damaged reefs in Indonesia.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">The study’s co-author Dr Tim Lamont, a marine biologist at Lancaster University, said the AI method provides advantages in monitoring coral reefs.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“This is a really exciting development,” says Lamont. “Sound recorders and AI could be used around the world to monitor the health of reefs, and discover whether attempts to protect and restore them are working.</p> <p class="spai-bg-prepared">“In many cases it’s easier and cheaper to deploy an underwater hydrophone on a reef and leave it there than to have expert divers visiting the reef repeatedly to survey it, especially in remote locations.”</p> <p><!-- Start of tracking content syndication. Please do not remove this section as it allows us to keep track of republished articles --></p> <p><img id="cosmos-post-tracker" class="spai-bg-prepared" style="opacity: 0; height: 1px!important; width: 1px!important; border: 0!important; position: absolute!important; z-index: -1!important;" src="https://syndication.cosmosmagazine.com/?id=193163&amp;title=Artificial+intelligence+tool+learns+%E2%80%9Csong+of+the+reef%E2%80%9D+to+determine+ecosystem+health" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><!-- End of tracking content syndication --></p> <div id="contributors"> <p><em><a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/artificial-intelligence-reef-song/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">This article</a> was originally published on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cosmos Magazine</a> and was written by <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/contributor/evrim-yazgin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Evrim Yazgin</a>. Evrim Yazgin has a Bachelor of Science majoring in mathematical physics and a Master of Science in physics, both from the University of Melbourne.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p> </div>

Technology

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Video shows Rowan Baxter purchasing killing tools

<p dir="ltr">A video showing Rowan Baxter purchasing the tools he would use to kill Hannah Clarke and their three children has played in court.</p> <p dir="ltr">CCTV showed Baxter at a local Brisbane Bunnings store buying zip ties, cleaning fluid and fuel at about 6 pm on February 17, 2020, just two days before the horrific murder.</p> <p dir="ltr">Wearing a black singlet and shorts, Baxter also appeared to wander around before paying for the items.</p> <p dir="ltr">Later that afternoon, Baxter called a men’s support helpline where he said he was the victim.</p> <p dir="ltr">"My wife, to be honest, it's almost like a game to put her in a better position for family court," he was heard saying, <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/inquest-into-hannah-clarkes-death-tracks-killers-movements-in-days-before-murder-brisbane-queensland/d882dce1-d321-4cd6-9791-0f37d4892e91" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nine News</a> reported.</p> <p dir="ltr">"I'm not the one who has the problem. I'm just doing what I'm told.</p> <p dir="ltr">"I never even thought my wife was capable of doing anything like this."</p> <p dir="ltr">On 19 February, 2020, before Baxter set alight to the family car with Ms Clarke and their three children - Aaliyah, Laianah, and Trey - he was seen at a Caltex petrol station purchasing 4.6L of fuel and three Kinder Surprises.</p> <p dir="ltr">Ms Clarke was taking her three children to school when Baxter doused them with fuel.</p> <p dir="ltr">The three children died at the scene while Ms Clarke was taken to hospital. Baxter later stabbed himself with a knife and died.</p> <p dir="ltr">Ms Clarke suffered burns to 97 per cent of her body and, despite her injuries, was able to give police three statements about what happened.</p> <p dir="ltr">The inquest continues.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: CCTV footage</em></p>

Legal

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New tool predicts your risk of getting COVID-19

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Aussie researchers have created a new </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://corical.immunisationcoalition.org.au/" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">COVID-19 Risk Calculator (CoRiCal)</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to help their fellow Australians to understand their personal risks of getting COVID-19.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The tool has been designed by the Immunisation Coalition and the University of Queensland and can be accessed through the Immunisation Coalition’s website.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It uses your age, gender, vaccination status, and the potential transmission scenario in your state to calculate your individual chance of contracting and dying from COVID-19.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr Kirsty Short, one of the co-lead researchers on the project, said the tool will allow users to understand their risk factors and make decisions.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Maybe my risk of getting COVID-19 is such that I’ll put off going to the shops unless it’s absolutely essential,” Dr Short </span><a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/coronavirus-queensland-update-covid-calculator-uq/ca823eaf-2852-4017-9100-463a796870fc"><span style="font-weight: 400;">said</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“If this is my chance of catching COVID-19 in this particular transmission scenario, then [I] should be thinking in the back of my mind, I could be passing it on to everyone I love.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr Andrew Baird, the second co-lead researcher on the project, said the tool will be especially useful for GPs to help them advise their patients regarding vaccination, potential side effects, and the severity of illness if they are infected.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“When patients present with apprehension or uncertainty about the risk of COVID-19 and the role of vaccination, it’s there as a tool to support them so that the GP and the patient can look at the screen together,” he told </span><em><a rel="noopener" href="https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/online-tool-helps-assess-risks-from-covid-19-and-v" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">newsGP</span></a></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“The GP can demonstrate, ‘Here is your risk of developing COVID-19 if the level of transmission is high and here is your risk of developing COVID-19 if you’re vaccinated.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“And it’s shown in context so that we can say, ‘Here are the risks for getting COVID-19 and here are the risks for getting adverse effects from the vaccines.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The site also presents a person’s chances of experiencing vaccine side effects, COVID-19 side effects, and dying from the virus in comparison to events with a similar chance of happening, such as being left-handed or winning the lottery.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“None of us are very good at understanding very low risks,” Dr Baird said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“If we can just put it in some sort of context [to be] able to say, ‘The chances of getting blood clots from an AstraZeneca vaccine are about the same risks as getting struck by lightning’, people think ‘Well, getting struck by lightning, that’s pretty rare’.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The tool is currently in its pilot stage and only includes data relating to the risks and benefits of the AstraZeneca vaccine.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, the researchers plan to continuously update the tool as the health advice changes, including information on booster shots, ICU admission, and long-COVID.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr Baird said he expects that the tool will include data on Pfizer and Moderna vaccinations in 2-4 weeks, and will include the likelihood a person will develop myocarditis and pericarditis.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These two conditions - where different areas of the heart become inflamed - </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/myocarditis.html#:~:text=Myocarditis%20is%20inflammation%20of%20the,infection%20or%20some%20other%20trigger." target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">have been reported</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to occur after Pfizer and Moderna vaccination, especially in male teenagers and young adults.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“The hard work has been done already, and will be continuously developed and updated according to needs and circumstances,” Dr Baird said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">He believes the tool could be crucial for helping Australia to reach and exceed its 80 percent vaccination target.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“It’s not the whole answer,” he said. “But it’s certainly an important part of assisting GPs in their conversations with patients.”</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Getty Images</span></em></p>

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"A tool": Nick Kyrgios slams Novak Djokovic over Aus Open demands

<div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text redactor-styles redactor-in"> <div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text redactor-styles redactor-in"> <p>Nick Kyrgios has slammed Novak Djokovic after Djokovic made a list of demands to the Australian Open organisers demanding better conditions for players in quarantine.</p> <p>There are currently 72 tennis players in hard quarantine, which means they're unable to train outside their hotel rooms for 14 days despite being told upon arrival they would have 5-hour exemptions to train.</p> <p>The hard lockdown is due to positive coronavirus tests on tournament charter flights.</p> <p>Djokovic sent Australian Open boss Craig Tiley a list of demands that he wanted to be actioned for players currently in lockdown, which Kyrgios has slammed.</p> <p>“Djokovic is a tool,” Kyrgios wrote while sharing a news report.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">Djokovic is a tool. I don’t mind Bernie but his Mrs obviously has no perspective, ridiculous scenes 🤦🏽‍♂️ <a href="https://t.co/MMgeriH2GJ">https://t.co/MMgeriH2GJ</a></p> — Nicholas Kyrgios (@NickKyrgios) <a href="https://twitter.com/NickKyrgios/status/1351131106993725443?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 18, 2021</a></blockquote> <p>He also slammed Bernard Tomic's girlfriend for complaining about the food served in quarantine, saying that she's had to wash her own hair.</p> <p>“This is the worst part of quarantine,” Sierra said on her YouTube channel.</p> <p>“I don’t wash my own hair. I’ve never washed my own hair. It’s just not something that I do. I normally have hairdressers that do it twice a week for me.</p> <p>“This is the situation that we’re dealing with. I can’t wait to get out of quarantine just so I can get my hair done.”</p> <p>“I don’t mind Bernie but his Mrs obviously has no perspective, ridiculous scenes,” Kyrgios wrote.</p> <p>This isn't the first time Kyrgios has slammed Djokovic, with Kyrgios criticising him for organising the Adria Tour exhibition event in the Balkans, where multiple people including Djokovic got coronavirus from the event.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

News

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A secret tool to medication management

<p>Timing is everything. It’s hard enough for most of us to remember where we’ve left the television remote or when we need to restock the toilet paper, let alone taking medication at a certain time every single day. When you add into the mix multiple medications that all need to be taken at different times of the day, it can be tricky for even the most organised person.</p> <p>Unfortunately, it’s not as simple as just taking medicine you’ve missed later on. Some medicines can have serious consequences, if taken in the wrong dose or at the wrong time. That’s why TerryWhite Chemmart offers <a href="https://www.terrywhitechemmart.com.au/health-services/medication-management/?utm_source=over-60&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=medication-organisers">Medication Organisers</a>, to help make the process of taking the right medicine and vitamins on time, easier for customers.</p> <p>Medication Organisers come in convenient, easy to use, see-through blister packs or sachets. These are separated into small, individual compartments containing the exact doses needed for different times of the day. This can be a big help to carers and patients in remembering to administer medicine correctly.</p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 187.890625px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7839012/blister-pack-1280px.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/fe48c5a96f664da5900604f8be405ea1" /></p> <p>Medication Organisers are prepared by your pharmacist, and personalised to include each person’s details, medication type, quantity and dose times. Once your Medication Organiser is prepared, these can be arranged to be kept at pharmacy and collection on a weekly, fortnightly, or monthly schedule so it works into your routine.</p> <p><strong>So, why use them?</strong></p> <ol> <li><strong> Labelled individual compartments:</strong> it might sound obvious, but helps avoid accidentally missing a day, double dosing, or confusing the right day/time to take medicine.</li> <li><strong> Safe:</strong> your medicine is securely packed by the pharmacist and personally labelled into well-sealed, tamper evident compartments.</li> <li><strong> Visual:</strong> clear packaging acts as a reminder and can help track what doses need to be taken, or whether any have been missed.</li> <li><strong> Convenient:</strong> small, discreet and can be collected on a weekly, fortnightly or monthly schedule, to take the hassle out of remembering.</li> <li><strong> Better medication management:</strong> making it easier to care for the health of loved ones.</li> </ol> <p><strong>Managing medication at home</strong></p> <p>Here are some tips to simplify medication management at home:</p> <p><img style="width: 452.93701344656756px; height: 500px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7839011/terrywhite_medication-table_v2.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/7dd2266193854ee8921fc05703170d96" /></p> <p>Life can be busy and overwhelming at times, but it doesn’t have to be when it comes to managing your medication. Speak to your local TerryWhite Chemmart Pharmacist today about how a Medication Organiser can work for you.</p> <p>You can find more information about medication management at <a href="https://www.terrywhitechemmart.com.au/health-services/medication-management/?utm_source=over-60&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=medication-organisers">www.terrywhitechemmart.com.au/medication-management </a>  </p> <p><strong>Author:</strong> Matt Boulter, Pharmacist, TerryWhite Chemmart</p> <p><strong><em>This is a sponsored article produced in partnership with </em></strong><a href="https://www.terrywhitechemmart.com.au/health-services/medication-management/?utm_source=over-60&amp;utm_medium=article&amp;utm_campaign=medication-organisers"><strong><em>TerryWhite Chemmart</em></strong></a></p>

Caring

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Tools down! The Block's Scott Cam says he "needs to slow down"

<div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text redactor-styles redactor-in"> <p>Scott Cam, the award-winning host of <em>The Block</em> has had a tough 2020 like the rest of us.</p> <p>The seasons just keep getting more challenging for the star and it's got him considering hanging up his nail bag.</p> <p>"Ah, the old nail bag!" Cam, 58, says to <a href="https://www.nowtolove.com.au/lifestyle/career/scott-cam-retiring-the-block-65770"><em>TV WEEK</em></a> over the phone. "I did a lot of work in lockdown and I had the bag on every day. I did one of the bedrooms at home, I enclosed the verandah and things like that… but I do need to slow down as time goes on.</p> <p>"I'm heading toward 60 and you've got to slow down when it comes down to those tools. You can't be swinging the hammer like you used to!"</p> <p>However, he's confirmed to fans that he's not retiring anytime soon.</p> <p>"I mean, what a job!" he exclaims. "What a job to come to work on a building site with all your mates, hang out for three months and build an incredible show, houses or units - then sit down and watch it!"</p> <p>After being scouted by a TV producer in a pub, Cam has made "about ten" different building-style shows for the Nine network.</p> <p>"It's always up my alley, talking about building and working on the tools – I'm probably a bit old to be working on the tools, I like supervising and pointing the finger these days - but it's been fantastic and I'm very lucky to be still there 20 years down the track."</p> </div> </div> </div>

Real Estate

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Stone tools reveal epic trek of nomadic Neanderthals

<p>Neanderthal (<em>Homo neanderthalensis</em>) fossils were first discovered in western Europe in the mid nineteenth century. That was just the first in a long line of surprises thrown up by our closest evolutionary cousins.</p> <p>We reveal another in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/01/21/1918047117">our new study</a> of the Neanderthals who lived in Chagyrskaya Cave in southern Siberia around 54,000 years ago. Their distinctive stone tools are dead ringers for those found thousands of kilometres away in eastern and central Europe.</p> <p>The intercontinental journey made by these intrepid Neanderthals is equivalent to walking from Sydney to Perth, or from New York to Los Angeles, and is a rare example of long-distance migration by Palaeolithic people.</p> <p><strong>Knuckleheads no more</strong></p> <p>For a long time Neanderthals were seen as intellectual lightweights. However, <a href="https://theconversation.com/neanderthals-were-no-brutes-research-reveals-they-may-have-been-precision-workers-103858">several recent finds</a> have forced a rethink of their cognitive and creative abilities.</p> <p>Neanderthals are now believed to have created 176,000 year-old enigmatic structures made from broken stalactites in a <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/05/neanderthals-caves-rings-building-france-archaeology/">cave in France</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-we-discovered-that-neanderthals-could-make-art-92127">cave art in Spain</a>that dates back more than 65,000 years.</p> <p>They also used <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045927">bird feathers</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5255">pierced shells</a> bearing traces of red and yellow ochre, possibly as personal ornaments. It seems likely Neanderthals had cognitive capabilities and symbolic behaviours similar to those of modern humans (<em>Homo sapiens</em>).</p> <p>Our knowledge of their geographical range and the nature of their encounters with other groups of humans has also expanded greatly in recent years.</p> <p>We now know that Neanderthals ventured beyond Europe and western Asia, reaching at least as far east as the Altai Mountains. Here, they interbred with another group of archaic humans dubbed the <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-recreate-face-denisovan-using-dna-180973177/">Denisovans</a>.</p> <p>Traces of Neanderthal interactions with our own ancestors also persist in the DNA of all living people of Eurasian descent. However, we can still only speculate why the Neanderthals vanished around 40,000 years ago.</p> <p><strong>Banished to Siberia</strong></p> <p>Other questions also remain unresolved. When did Neanderthals first arrive in the Altai? Were there later migration events? Where did these trailblazers begin their trek? And what routes did they take across Asia?</p> <p><a href="https://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/derevyanko345">Chagyrskaya Cave</a> is nestled in the foothills of the Altai Mountains. The cave deposits were first excavated in 2007 and have yielded almost 90,000 stone tools and numerous bone tools.</p> <p>The excavations have also found 74 Neanderthal fossils – the richest trove of any Altai site – and a range of animal and plant remains, including the abundant bones of bison hunted and butchered by the Neanderthals.</p> <p>We used <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/520438a">optical dating</a> to determine when the cave sediments, artefacts and fossils were deposited, and conducted a detailed study of more than 3,000 stone tools recovered from the deepest archaeological levels. Microscopy analysis revealed that these have remained intact and undisturbed since accumulating during a period of cold and dry climate about 54,000 years ago.</p> <p>Using a variety of statistical techniques, we show that these artefacts bear a striking similarity to so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micoquien">Micoquian</a> artefacts from central and eastern Europe. This type of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic">Middle Palaeolithic</a> assemblage is readily identified by the distinctive appearance of the bifaces – tools made by removing flakes from both sides – which were used to cut meat.</p> <p>Micoquian-like tools have only been found at one other site in the Altai. All other archaeological assemblages in the Altai and central Asia lack these distinctive artefacts.</p> <p>Neanderthals carrying Micoquian tools may never have reached <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00353-0">Denisova Cave</a>, as there is no fossil or sedimentary DNA evidence of Neanderthals there after 100,000 years ago.</p> <p><strong>Going the distance</strong></p> <p>The presence of Micoquian artefacts at Chagyrskaya Cave suggests at least two separate dispersals of Neanderthals into southern Siberia. Sites such as Denisova Cave were occupied by Neanderthals who entered the region before 100,000 years ago, while the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals arrived later.</p> <p>The Chagyrskaya artefacts most closely resemble those found at sites located 3,000–4,000 km to the west, between the Crimea and northern Caucasus in eastern Europe.</p> <p>Comparison of genetic data supports these geographical links, with the <a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/genome-projects/chagyrskaya-neandertal/home.html">Chagyrskaya Neanderthal</a> sharing closer affinities with several European Neanderthals than with a Neanderthal from Denisova Cave.</p> <p>When the Chagyrskaya toolmakers (or their ancestors) left their Neanderthal homeland in eastern Europe for central Asia around 60,000 years ago, they could have headed north and east around the land-locked <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caspian-Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, which was much reduced in size under the prevailing cold and arid conditions.</p> <p>Their intercontinental odyssey over thousands of kilometres is a rarely observed case of long-distance dispersal in the Palaeolithic, and highlights the value of stone tools as culturally informative markers of ancient population movements.</p> <p>Environmental reconstructions from the animal and plant remains at Chagyrskaya Cave suggest that the Neanderthal inhabitants survived in the cold, dry and treeless environment by hunting bison and horses on the steppe or tundra-steppe landscape.</p> <p>Our discoveries reinforce the emerging view of Neanderthals as creative and intelligent people who were skilled survivors. If this was the case, it makes their extinction across Eurasia even more mysterious. Did modern humans deal the fatal blow? The enigma endures, for now.</p> <p><em>Written by Kseniya Kolobova, Maciej T. Krajcarz and Richard 'Bert' Roberts. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/stone-tools-reveal-epic-trek-of-nomadic-neanderthals-129886">The Conversation.</a></em></p>

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How to make your hand tools look as good as new

<p>Giving timber-handled tools a bit of TLC to helps them last longer.</p> <p>Check the tools over and replace any with handles that are suffering from rot or severe cracks, especially tools that are used under pressure such as spades and mattocks. </p> <p>For those that pass the test, sand the handles to remove any rough spots and flaking finish, then coat them in boiled linseed oil to inject some moisture and prevent cracking. </p> <p>When you have oiled the handles, clean and sharpen the blades. Use a whetstone for secateurs and clippers, and a file or grinding wheel for spades, mattocks and hoes. </p> <p>Store your tools and wheelbarrow under cover over winter and they’ll be ready to go when the garden bursts into action in spring.</p> <p><strong>Using linseed oil </strong></p> <p>Linseed oil is a natural product that is extracted from flaxseed. </p> <p>It has a wide variety of uses, including as a preservative for wood and an ingredient in paints, varnishes, stains, soaps and inks.</p> <p>Despite the name, most linseed oil isn’t actually boiled. </p> <p>Instead solvents such as turps are added to speed up the drying process, just as boiling does. </p> <p>Without this addition linseed oil would take a long time to dry.</p> <p><strong>TIP:</strong> The oil is very combustible, so dry used cloths outside in a single layer, as a pile can catch fire.</p> <p><strong>Step 1: Sand the timber </strong></p> <p>Sand the timber handles with a random orbital sander and 120 grit sanding pads, then sand lightly by hand using abrasive paper to get into the areas the sander didn’t reach.</p> <p><strong>Step 2: Oil the handles</strong></p> <p>Oil the handles by dipping a cloth into a container of boiled linseed oil and wiping it onto the timber. Let the oil penetrate for a few minutes then wipe off any excess.</p> <p><em>Republished with permission of </em><a href="http://www.handyman.net.au/renew-hand-tools"><em>Handyman Australia</em></a><em>.</em></p>

Home & Garden

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Online tools can help people in disasters – but are they for everyone?

<p>With natural hazard and climate-related<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/explainer-are-natural-disasters-on-the-rise-39232">disasters on the rise</a>, online tools such as<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/crowdsourced-crisis-mapping-how-it-works-and-why-it-matters-7014">crowdsourced mapping</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/the-role-of-social-media-as-cyclones-batter-australia-37835">social media</a><span> </span>can help people understand and respond to a crisis. They enable people to share their location and contribute information.</p> <p>But are these tools useful for everyone, or are some people marginalised? It is vital these tools include information provided from all sections of a community at risk.</p> <p>Current evidence suggests that is not always the case.</p> <p><strong>Online tools let people help in disasters</strong></p> <p>Social media played an important role in coordinating response to the<span> </span><a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/news/releases/2019/may/residents-turned-to-facebook-during-february-floods">2019 Queensland floods</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-14/community-action-proved-key-in-bushfire-response/4464464">2013 Tasmania bushfires</a>. Community members used Facebook to coordinate sharing of resources such as food and water.</p> <p>Crowdsourced mapping helped in response to the humanitarian crisis after the<span> </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/02/495795717/when-disaster-strikes-he-creates-a-crisis-map-that-helps-save-lives">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>. Some of the most useful information came from public contributions.</p> <p>Twitter provided similar critical insights during<span> </span><a href="https://www.folio.ca/twitter-may-provide-valuable-insights-for-better-faster-disaster-response-study/">Hurricane Irma</a><span> </span>in South Florida in 2017.</p> <p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317487173_Implications_of_Volunteered_Geographic_Information_for_Disaster_Management_and_GIScience_A_More_Complex_World_of_Volunteered_Geography">Research</a><span> </span>shows these public contributions can help in<span> </span><a href="https://www.unisdr.org/who-we-are/what-is-drr">disaster risk reduction</a>, but they also have limitations.</p> <p>In the rush to develop new disaster mitigation tools, it is important to consider whether they will help or harm the people most vulnerable in a disaster.</p> <p><strong>Who is vulnerable?</strong></p> <p>Extreme natural events, such as earthquakes and bushfires, are not<span> </span><a href="https://www.nonaturaldisasters.com/useful-information">considered</a><span> </span>disasters until vulnerable people are exposed to the hazard.</p> <p>To determine people’s level of vulnerability we need to know:</p> <ol> <li>the level of individual and community exposure to a physical threat</li> <li>their access to resources that affect their capacity to cope when threats materialise.</li> </ol> <p>Some groups in society will be<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/natural-disasters-are-affecting-some-of-australias-most-disadvantaged-communities-68165">more vulnerable to disaster</a><span> </span>than others. This includes people with immobility issues, caring roles, or limited access to resources such as money, information or support networks.</p> <p>When disaster strikes,<span> </span><a href="https://items.ssrc.org/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/">the pressure</a><span> </span>on some groups is often magnified.</p> <p>The devastating scenes in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria in 2017 revealed<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/hurricane-kids-what-katrina-taught-us-about-saving-puerto-ricos-youngest-storm-victims-101509">the vulnerability of children</a><span> </span>in such disasters.</p> <p>Unfortunately, emergency management can exacerbate the vulnerability of marginalised groups. For example, a<span> </span><a href="https://academic.oup.com/socpro/advance-article/doi/10.1093/socpro/spy016/5074453" title="Damages Done: The Longitudinal Impacts of Natural Hazards on Wealth Inequality in the United States">US study last year</a><span> </span>showed that in the years after disasters, wealth increased for white people and declined for people of colour. The authors suggest this is linked to inequitable distribution of emergency and redevelopment aid.</p> <p>Policies and practice have until recently mainly been written by, and for, the<span> </span><a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-28300-002" title="White male power and privilege: The relationship between White supremacy and social class.">most predominant groups</a><span> </span>in<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/twelve-charts-on-race-and-racism-in-australia-105961">our society</a>, especially heterosexual<span> </span><a href="https://www.uts.edu.au/about/uts-business-school/management/news/white-male-privilege-and-future-democracy">white men</a>.</p> <p>Research shows how this can create<span> </span><a href="https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/national-gender-and-emergency-management-guidelines/">gender inequities</a><span> </span>or exclude the needs of<span> </span><a href="https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/religious-freedom-submissions/5877.pdf" title="Emergency management response and recovery plans in relation to sexual and gender minorities in NEW South Wales, Australia">LGBTIQ communities</a>,<span> </span><a href="https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/ajem-april-2019-people-from-refugee-backgrounds-contribute-to-a-disaster-resilient-illawarra/">former refugees and migrants</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href="https://ajem.infoservices.com.au/items/AJEM-28-02-09" title="The hidden disaster: domestic violence in the aftermath of natural disaster">domestic violence victims</a>.</p> <p>We need to ask: do new forms of disaster response help everyone in a community, or do they reproduce existing power imbalances?</p> <p><strong>Unequal access to digital technologies</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2018.00183/full" title="The Good, the Bad, and the Uncertain: Contributions of Volunteered Geographic Information to Community Disaster Resilience">Research</a><span> </span>has assessed the “<a href="https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2017/11/16/the-dangers-of-techno-optimism/" title="The Dangers of Techno-Optimism">techno-optimism</a>” – a belief that technologies will solve our problems – associated with people using online tools to share information for disaster management.</p> <p>These technologies inherently discriminate if access to them discriminates.</p> <p>In Australia, the<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/australias-digital-divide-is-not-going-away-91834">digital divide</a><span> </span>remains largely unchanged in recent years. In<span> </span><a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/8146.0Main+Features12016-17?OpenDocument">2016-17</a><span> </span>nearly 1.3 million households had no internet connection.</p> <p>Lower digital inclusion is seen in already vulnerable groups, including the unemployed, migrants and<span> </span><a href="https://theconversation.com/digital-inclusion-in-tasmania-has-improved-in-line-with-nbn-rollout-will-the-other-states-follow-102257">the elderly</a>.</p> <p>Global<span> </span><a href="https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm">internet penetration rates</a><span> </span>show uneven access between economically poorer parts of the world, such as Africa and Asia, and wealthier Western regions.</p> <p>Representations of communities are<span> </span><a href="https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-media-research/">skewed</a><span> </span>on the internet. Particular groups participate with varying degrees on social media and in crowdsourcing activities. For example,<span> </span><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/8/12854476/internet-access-marginalized-ethnic-groups-digital-divide">some ethnic minorities</a><span> </span>have poorer internet access than other groups even in the same country.</p> <p>For crowdsourced mapping on platforms such as<span> </span><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=5/-28.153/133.275">OpenStreetMap</a>, studies find<span> </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-013-9492-z" title="Gender and the GeoWeb: divisions in the production of user-generated cartographic information">participation biases relating to gender</a>. Men map<span> </span><a href="https://www.citylab.com/equity/2018/03/who-maps-the-world/555272/">far more</a><span> </span>than women at local and global scales.</p> <p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308535661_Assessing_the_application_and_value_of_participatory_mapping_for_community_bushfire_preparation">Research</a><span> </span>shows participation biases in community mapping activities towards older, more affluent men.</p> <p><strong>Protect the vulnerable</strong></p> <p>Persecuted minorities, including<span> </span><a href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/sspapers/3337/" title="Queering disasters: On the need to account for LGBTI experiences in natural disaster contexts">LGBTIQ communities</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2018/01/26/religious-persecution-the-ever-growing-threat-to-us-all/">religious minorities</a>, are often more vulnerable in disasters. Digital technologies, which<span> </span><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2464599" title="Tweeting Up a Storm: The Promise and Perils of Crisis Mapping">expose</a><span> </span>people’s identities and fail to protect<span> </span><a href="http://lgbtq.hkspublications.org/2013/10/21/social-media-ethics-and-exposing-private-information-about-lgbt-users/">privacy</a>, might increase that vulnerability.</p> <p>Unequal participation means those who can participate may become<span> </span><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2018.00183/full#h4" title="The Good: Potential for VGI to Enhance Community Resilience">further empowered</a>, with more access to information and resources. As a result, gaps between privileged and marginalised people grow wider.</p> <p>For example, local Kreyòl-speaking Haitians from poorer neighbourhoods contributed information via SMS for use on crowdsourced maps during the<span> </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-014-9597-z" title="The limits of crisis data: analytical and ethical challenges of using social and mobile data to understand disasters">2010 Haiti earthquake response</a>.</p> <p>But the information was translated and mapped in English for Western humanitarians. As they didn’t speak English, vulnerable Haitians were further marginalised by being unable to directly use and benefit from maps resulting from their own contributions.</p> <p><a href="https://www.gislounge.com/gender-gis-workforce/">Participation patterns in mapping</a><span> </span>do not reflect the true makeup of our<span> </span><a href="http://meipokwan.org/Paper/Annals_2002.pdf">diverse societies</a>. But they do reflect where power lies – usually with<span> </span><a href="https://parkerziegler.com/radio-and-sound-design#/those-other-maps-feminist-gis-and-cartography/">dominant groups</a>.</p> <p>Any<span> </span><a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/world/raising-voices-end-male-dominated-power-dynamics-underpinning-violence-bias-everyone-s">power imbalances</a><span> </span>that come from unequal online participation are pertinent to disaster risk reduction. They can amplify community tensions, social divides and marginalisation, and exacerbate vulnerability and risk.</p> <p>With greater access to the benefits of online tools, and improved representation of diverse and marginalised people, we can better understand societies and reduce disaster impacts.</p> <p>We must remain acutely aware of digital divides and participation biases. We must continually consider how these technologies can better include, value and elevate marginalised groups.</p> <p><em>Written by Billy Tusker Haworth, Christine Eriksen and Scott McKinnon. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/online-tools-can-help-people-in-disasters-but-do-they-represent-everyone-116810">The Conversation.</a></em></p>

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Can you spot the sneaky snake in this tool shed?

<p>A “sneaky snake” has been found in a Brisbane toolshed, however, many people are baffled after failing to find where the python was hiding.</p> <p>A photo of a shed was shared to Facebook on Friday afternoon, asking followers of the Snake Catchers Brisbane page to find the slithering reptile hiding in an inconspicuous place.</p> <p><iframe src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Felitesnakecatchingbrisbane%2Fphotos%2Fa.1675154946058175%2F2256860584554272%2F%3Ftype%3D3&amp;width=500" width="500" height="696" style="border: none; overflow: hidden;" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe></p> <p>“Can you guess where this sneaky snake is hiding?” the post on the <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/elitesnakecatchingbrisbane/" target="_blank">Brisbane Snake Catchers Facebook</a> page wrote.</p> <p>The post racked up over 1,400 comments filled with confused Facebook users.</p> <p>Many guessed the snake was hiding between tools and cans, behind beer bottles and on top of a radio – all of which were incorrect.</p> <p>“Did you take the photo after removing the snake?” one user joked after a flurry of comments filled with wrong answers flooded beneath the post.</p> <p>“Nope! It’s there, just hiding very well,” the Facebook page responded to the cheeky comment.</p> <p>Later that day, the Snake Catcher page revealed the python’s expert hiding place.</p> <p>“This carpet python’s nose was poking just over the ledge,” the page wrote, circling the area with a black heart.</p> <p><iframe src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Felitesnakecatchingbrisbane%2Fphotos%2Fp.2257092601197737%2F2257092601197737%2F%3Ftype%3D3&amp;width=500" width="500" height="501" style="border: none; overflow: hidden;" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" allow="encrypted-media"></iframe></p> <p>“As soon as it’s cover was blown it slithered out of its hiding spot to make a quick get away!”</p> <p>Although there were many incorrect guesses, the page confirmed that snakes had been removed from many sneaky hiding spots mentioned in the post.</p> <p>“Everyone is still right in a way... we’ve caught many snakes from all the spots you’ve all mentioned, now you know where to start looking if you ever feel eyes on you.”</p> <p>Did you find the sneaky snake in the photo? Let us know in the comments below.</p>

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Need to capture part of your screen? This free snipping tool will change your life

<p><em><strong>Lisa Du is director of <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://readytechgo.com.au/" target="_blank">ReadyTechGo</a></span>, a service that helps people gain the confidence and skills to embrace modern technology. </strong></em></p> <p>The other day a client asked me how they could save some information from a PDF document. The information they wanted to save contained text and images, and they wanted to save this, and use it in a report they were creating using Microsoft Word.</p> <p>What's the quickest way to capture part of your screen?</p> <p><strong>Introducing the Windows Snipping Tool</strong></p> <p>Using the tool, you can capture any of the following types of snips:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Free-form snip</strong> - Where you can draw a free-form shape around an object. For example, if I wanted to snip a basketball from a picture, and paste it into another file</li> <li><strong>Rectangular snip</strong> - Where you drag the cursor around an object to form a rectangle (the type of snip I use most)</li> <li><strong>Window snip</strong> - Where you can select a window, or a window of a internet page you are viewing, and capture that window</li> <li><strong>Full-screen snip</strong> - Capture your entire screen</li> </ul> <p>Once you have captured your snip, it is automatically captured into the Snipping Tool window, where you can annotate (draw on the snip), save it or share the snip.</p> <p><strong>How to use the snipping tool:</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img width="500" height="NaN" src="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/e785dd9ba906ed79fad48bd7e/images/a8891076-ce96-4a03-8d22-99ec65127555.png" class="mcnImage" style="max-width: 1366px; line-height: 100%; outline: none; vertical-align: bottom; height: auto !important;"/></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">WINDOWS 10 USERS:</span></p> <p>1. Click the Start button (bottom left corner of your screen)</p> <p>2. Type snipping tool in the search box on the taskbar, and then select Snipping Tool from the list of results</p> <p><strong>SAVE IT</strong></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img width="500" height="NaN" src="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/e785dd9ba906ed79fad48bd7e/images/417aa0da-3fe2-4fdd-91ed-7307f59d923b.png" class="mcnImage" style="max-width: 869px; line-height: 100%; outline: none; vertical-align: bottom; height: auto !important;"/></p> <p>Once you have your snip, you will be able to save the snip as a file.</p> <p>1. Click File</p> <p>2. Choose Save As...</p> <p>3. Pick a location to save the file in, give it a name, and click Save.</p> <p>The snipping tool is very handy. I use it to snip information I found on the internet, or to snip information from PDFs.</p> <p>Try it, and let us know what you think!</p>

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A beginner’s guide to gardening tools

<p class="first-para">It’s difficult enough finding time to maintain your garden, but having the right tools goes a long way to achieving great results. Here, our gardening experts share the gardening toolkit essentials you’ll need to make your garden flourish.</p> <p>A woman, let’s call her Jane, is standing below a tree, neck strained to face the mess of branches above. With pole-pruner in hand, she raises the extension tool through the canopy and anchors the secateurs on a branch.</p> <p>Pulling the tool’s string, the blades carve the wood like a knife through a baguette, sending the offcut tumbling to earth. Jane repeats the process on a bunch of limbs destined for compost. Standing back to admire her work, she spies one more branch that, if removed, will even the canopy perfectly.</p> <p>The pole ascends and lands one final time but as Jane pulls the string, the blades don’t budge. She yanks it again and, suddenly, the secateurs snap and hurtle south hitting Jane on the head and knocking her out cold.</p> <p>This is a true story as told by award-winning garden designer Ian Barker about a friend of his – whose real name isn’t Jane. And the point of the story is there was a better tool for the job. A decent motorised pruner, for example.</p> <p>“Unless you know what the right tool is,” Barker says, “don’t do the job.”</p> <p>Rookie blunders aside, homeowners can rest easy knowing their gardens will flourish under their amateur, time-poor hands if they heed expert advice and invest in reliable, job-appropriate garden tools. Hello weekends!</p> <p>Barker’s must-have tools include, “a really good pair of secateurs” for pruning shrubs, a rake, a hand-cultivator (a claw that loosens the earth), a quality hedge trimmer for neat hedges and a “really good” mower.</p> <p>“I don’t actually like gardening,” Barker confesses. “I love designing gardens and I love building them, but I don’t like maintaining them.”</p> <p>His efficient weekend repertoire, therefore, involves tending to the perimeter of his garden first, pruning plants and cultivating the ground. Cuttings are thrown on the lawn in the middle. “You don’t have to be too thorough picking up the rubbish from the grass, because then you finish with the mower,” he says. Job done.</p> <p>Barker advises against investing in low-grade equipment.</p> <p>“Power tool-wise, buy a quality mower,” he says. “Don’t buy a cheap mower. If you get the mower out and you can’t start it, you just get fed up and you usually stop and go do something else. Same goes for a really good hedge trimmer. The better the hedge trimmer, the sharper [the blades] and you get nice clean cuts, and it’s fast.”</p> <p>Jim’s mowing gardening contractor and Honda ambassador, George Labbad, says he uses Honda equipment because, “they start first time, every time. It’s as simple as that.”</p> <p>The result of any gardener’s efforts is always indicated by the quality of machinery used.</p> <p>“From a home gardener’s perspective, with Honda, you take your equipment out and you’re into it straight away,” Labbad says. “The other beauty of using Honda is it’s all four-stroke. You’re not having to remember the right mix of fuel. You just fill a tin with unleaded fuel and you’re ready to go.”</p> <p>Labbad’s list of gardening tool essentials includes a first-rate brush cutter, hedgecutter, blower and big plastic hands for picking up green waste.</p> <p>The Honda VersaTool is also a mainstay in Labbad’s kit. Attachments such as the blower and hedgecutter work from the one power-head, making storage and cartage easy. The extension pole eradicates the perilous ladder, saving time and putting welfare first. High branches can be trimmed with the power of a four-stroke engine, neatly, quickly and safely.</p> <p>Peter Shaw of Ocean Road Landscaping says there are two types of gardening: the repetitive jobs that don’t need planning, like mowing and edging, and the creative jobs, like heavy pruning and planting.</p> <p>“Get the repetitive stuff done first,” he says, “then the fun can begin doing more creative things.” A decent stainless steel shovel and wire metal rake is in Peter’s must-have toolkit.</p> <p>Barker adds beginner gardeners should take on the “little stuff” until they’re more experienced.</p> <p>“As soon as you think it’s starting to get a bit beyond you, it is,” he says. “Get someone else in. There’s the right tool for every job and unless you know what the right tool is, don’t do it.”</p> <p>Labbad adds: “I truly believe if you invest in good equipment, you’re not continually having to re-buy, you’re not continually having to repair it and, if it’s quality, you’ll use it more and get enjoyment out of using it as opposed to it being a chore.” </p> <p><em>Written by Kristie Hayden. Republished with permission of <a href="http://www.domain.com.au" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Domain.com.au.</span></strong></a> </em></p>

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New online tool lets you find out if your password has been hacked

<p>A new online tool lets you find out if your password has been hacked and published online, as well as the steps to take if you have been caught out.</p> <p>Digital security expert Troy Hunt, founder of Have I Been Pwned, said users enter their details into a search box on his website, which is then cross-referenced with a database of leaked passwords online.</p> <p>The website will tell if your account details have been hacked and how to protect yourself.</p> <p>“Pwned Passwords are hundreds of millions of real world passwords exposed in data breaches. This exposure makes them unsuitable for ongoing use as they're at much greater risk of being used to take over other accounts. They're searchable online below as well as being downloadable for use in other online system. Do not send any password you actively use to a third-party service - even this one!” the website reads.</p> <p>Mr Hunt wrote on his blog, “If the password alone comes back with a hit on this service, that’s a very good reason to no longer use it regardless of whose account it originally appeared against.</p> <p>“As well as people checking passwords they themselves may have used, I’m envisaging more tech-savvy people using this service to demonstrate a point to friends, relatives and co-workers: ‘you see, this password has been breached before, don’t use it’.”</p> <p>While the service is doing a public good, Mr Hunt warns against sharing your current passwords on any third-party website.</p> <p> “It goes without saying (although I say it anyway on that page), but don’t enter a password you currently use into any third-party service like this!</p> <p>“I don’t explicitly log them and I’m a trustworthy guy but yeah, don’t.</p> <p>“The point of the web-based service is so that people who have been guilty of using sloppy passwords have a means of independent verification that it’s not one they should be using any more.</p> <p>“Mind you, someone could actually have an exceptionally good password but if the website stored it in plain text then leaked it, that password has still been ‘burned’.”</p> <p><strong><em>To test old passwords, visit <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://haveibeenpwned.com/Passwords">Have I Been Pwned.</a> </span></em></strong></p>

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